READING PASSAGE 3+ S2 y+ i( |8 p% B- g' B. r
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-38 which are based on Reading Passage 3
/ ~3 k/ W& d) \1 lon pages 9 and 10.
: c) d" o3 w/ \( f* R. L8 M! u. ]"The Rollfilm Revolution"4 X9 b( Z' w0 @3 Q! T; S
The introduction of the dry plate process brought with it many advantages. Not only was it much& f) N' u- g" \! E! J5 k9 A/ c
more convenient, so that the photographer no longer needed to prepare his material in advance,
& a) o, m" `5 U7 J; u- e3 nbut its much greater sensitivity made possible a new generation of cameras. Instantaneous
* N" R) h1 r$ l7 Uexposures had been possible before, but only with some difficulty and with special equipment and
6 C& \6 ~; D' _6 {) U$ Jconditions. Now, exposures short enough to permit the camera to the held in the hand were easily
! \: Q) K, R) y7 L7 k+ Zachieved. As well as fitting shutters and viewfinders to their conventional stand cameras,
) p3 A2 [! ^3 S" j9 fmanufacturers began to construct smaller cameras in tended specifically for hand use.
1 M5 D7 {7 J9 z: s( nOne of the first designs to be published was Thomas Bolas' s 'Detective' camera of 1881.
" j; t* G H" h0 v! W" w& WExternally a plain box, quite unlike the folding bellows camera typical of the period, it could be: N$ C% E, R# V, U- F0 U
used unobtrusively. The name caught on, and for the next decade or so almost all hand cameral0 v: ?, G3 W' s6 P' C+ k
were called ' Detectives', Many. of the new designs in the 1880s were for magazine cameras, in
3 o) x+ Q9 h3 L; H9 M' {" _) r" cwhich a number of dry plates could be pre-loaded and changed one after another following6 s7 c# ~' L1 n0 E% b* H; D! a3 d
exposure. Although much more convenient than stand cameras, still used by most serious workers, L1 J. ` ?9 t& [
magazine plate cameras were heavy, and required access to a darkroom for loading and9 w* j0 c, o9 E
processing the plates. This was all changed by a young American bank clerk turned photographic
% K( t2 x% w6 C4 Q- S7 cmanufacturer, George Eastman, from Rochester, New York.5 h5 l& u5 B* g& R) W
Eastman had begun to manufacture gelatine dry plates in 1880. being one of the first to do so in) J; x [# ]- U9 i* K* G
America. He soon looked for ways of simplifying photography, believing that many people were) j, B# h# ~# v! N6 J! t1 ^
put off by the complication and messiness. His first step was to develop, wih the camera
8 }% z" S* ^/ ]/ H+ f; vmanufacturer William H. Walker, a holder for a long roll of paper negative 'film'. This could be
: K( v) |. ^3 p( ]fitted to a standard plate camera and up to forty-eight exposures made before reloading. The
2 `& n" T- ~3 O2 x8 wcombined weight of the paper roll and the holder was far less than the same number of glass- X* A8 J+ c$ t# w
plates in their ling-tight wooden holders. Although roll-holders had been made as early as the9 O4 I3 U# @. d( T9 u6 D% u) D, d
1850s, none had been very successful be cause of the limitations of the photographic materials
, y4 c+ Q# v k) `! Fthen available. Eastman's rollable paper film was sensitive and gave negatives of good quality;' L8 I1 c5 ?% U
the Eastman-Walker roll-holder was a great success.
2 R: b$ t. b, _8 ~The next step was to combine the roll-holder with a small hand camera; Eastman's first design
, k+ B: T; w; @1 N; Qwas patented with an employee, F. M. Cossitt, in 1886. It was not a success. Only fifty Eastman
0 ^7 D5 `. v* m' p$ Qdetective cameras were made, and they were sold as a lot to a dealer in 1887; the cost was too: P9 \. _/ V, s o' f# `
high and the design too complicated. Eastman set about developing a new model, which was
7 r. I* G0 W- ~6 l; c3 d. f+ qlaunched in June 1888. It was a small box, containing a roll of paperbased stripping film
1 `0 s+ k( M- I/ I1 z2 ]8 x" l% |/ Jsufficient for 100 circular exposures 6 cm in diameter. Its operation was simple: set the shutter by% a7 y/ Y6 ?( R( R. z
pulling a wire string; aim the camera using the V line impression in the camera top; press the
" ?8 U/ i' v: [# O6 p! @, j: Arelease botton to activate the exposure; and turn a special key to wind to the film. A hundred
' N- ]) J4 y( S5 }5 @4 aexposures had to be made, so it was important to record each picture in the memorandum book4 m5 K- l% k+ p/ w2 z1 s) i% L
provided, since there was no exposure counter. Eastman gave his camera the invented name
7 ^1 o( n, K+ Y- Z4 Z' v. h8 E'Kodak'-which was easily pronounceable in most languages. and had two Ks which Eastman felt
6 p) Q, v6 g+ Q8 wwas a firm, uncompromising kind of letter.
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