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[雅思写作] 雅思写作辅导:最常用错的五组词解析

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发表于 2012-8-14 21:56:24 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  雅思小作文因为比较模式化,相对来说用错词的情况也少一些。提醒考生们在常见错误方面应注意:在谈及价位时我们应该用高低而非大小贵贱来表达,即high/low price 而非big/small price 或者expensive/cheap price; great value而不是big value; their living condition is poor而非bad等等。其实,小作文中比较集中的错误在“比较与对比”搞不清楚,所以出现 ‘compare’与 ‘contrast’ 的使用错误,这里我们详细说一下。
4 q2 k" F. M$ o3 \' I$ q1 g  一、compare与contrast的误用( G+ x/ l& l# a) X" y2 F- x% F9 i
  我们先从两者的定义入手来看两者的区别。Compare的定义为:to examine people or things to see how they are similar or different. Contrast的定义为:to compare two or more things to show the difference between them. 由定义不难看出前者侧重于找到两个或多个事物的异同,而后者则侧重于它们的不同。
& y& r4 F+ l* q5 Z* T# X7 i& x  看个例句:! K+ z8 {* W; S6 e4 b7 u
  It is interesting to compare their situations to ours./It is interesting to contrast their situations to ours.
9 e" O& F, H# k( r/ `9 [0 @  前一句翻译为:对比一下我们的情况与他们的情况会很有趣。7 U& A9 _- @4 A
  后一句的翻译为:我们的情况与他们的情况有很大的不同,这很有趣。8 q+ v6 G# A) t
  再看一个引自OXFORD ADBANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY的例子:
, ~: A9 }2 q. R7 W  There is an obvious contrast between the culture of East and West.$ Q1 X/ M+ r8 S3 H7 I! B, \
  The company lost $7 million in contrast to a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier.
2 T' Y1 u' A# d$ L/ R1 k8 j* }  When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast.
  T7 t* A: ]2 ~8 M0 `2 l  不难发现,Compare 翻译为“ 与。。。相比”而contrast可译为“明显不同的是。。。”,切记这种翻译方式就不会用错彼此了。
# w" A8 r/ S0 w' M7 F& {3 u& b  二、介词使用错误$ t) O* A/ N7 r5 Q
  1、普通介词的误用
2 h% b/ L8 A! |$ z" k3 }: d  一般表现为固定搭配错误,如常把provide sb with sth用成provide sb sth; be satisfied with用成be satisfied for等等,虽然这样的错误看似无伤大雅,但在考官眼里就是影响顺畅阅读的,当然会影响最终成绩。解决的办法简单而古老:把常见的固定搭配牢记于心,问题自然就解决了。www.ExamW.CoM7 c8 ?/ {. h6 M' D$ A6 [
  2、“to”作为介词的误用
; a& [; S% I- A, K5 L) b) o  “to”最常见的用法是以动词不定式符号的形式出现的,所以同学们也已经习惯了 “to do”的固定搭配。对于一些如walk to me, to the left等介词to表方向等常见用法一般也不会出现错误。但是对于与动词搭配的介词to就会经常犯错:
& ]9 R0 ?  Q. C% m( a$ t  如:% l, d4 V) L* \8 x3 b6 P
  More and more students have taken to depend on their parents to make decision for them.
* F& ~  _. l  |1 ?6 j2 B  这里的 ‘take to’ means ‘to begin to do sth as a habit’ 其中 ‘to’为介词,所以后面只能接名词或相当于名词的词,如动名词。所以黑体处应改为“depending on”。“take to”的另一个常用用法也需要牢记:9 M* H; o! H% }* G: e
  He hasn’t taken to his new school. (这里‘take to’ means ‘to start liking sb or sth’)
7 ?1 Y6 q1 t, Q; `6 ]  Prefer A to B中的 “to”也是介词,会有 prefer doing sth to doing sth/ prefer sth to sth else, 这里朗阁海外考试研究中心提醒您,“prefer to do sth rather than do sth”中的“to”可是真正的不定式符号。
3 B+ m  l8 S+ w2 i6 n6 A  类似的常用用法请同学们牢记:
! k, M9 ^) [9 E" L: @3 W  Be used to doing9 r- t: E1 o; C9 _; ^. d
  Be accustomed to doing
4 Q0 W. Q" f0 I1 \: a/ m: H* Z& p  See to doing
5 r! F. Z9 n) H6 ^% F  Adapt to doing- a5 l9 G9 W, {3 L
  Adjust to doing
9 T0 I9 }' M0 R" P  prefer doing sth. to doing sth.
6 j9 r9 B) }. `* K- r  等等,请注意平时仔细积累。 9 s' n1 C7 T8 A$ _: k
  三、assume及claim使用不够准确9 B- Y3 V5 \7 T9 _
  我们知道, think, assume, claim是议论文中常用引出观点的动词。在实际作文中,同学们往往认为几个词的意思是一样的,完全可以代换,所以拿过来就用。甚至还有同学把consider也拿过来与之混用。我们首先还是从定义来看这几个词的不同:
+ e* x0 }) y/ _: J" c& ~  Think: to have opinion or belief about sth.
6 D* H% C2 M2 I4 j. d0 T$ h/ a/ X( [  翻译为“认为”,通常接宾语从句来表达比较确定的观点。
, E$ g; J% F9 |3 @; A8 T3 N  Assume: to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it.
$ L4 l& t# @; R- J" i  翻译为“假设、假定”,是否有事实依据是不确定的。! x4 q( x* W; U3 }  K
  Claim: to say sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believe it.
$ h! i* H9 M$ b% X# r8 `  翻译为“声称”,用这个词往往意味着不赞同紧跟其后的观点,所以很少用作 ‘I claim that…
+ V4 S  F4 v/ v$ |1 O  Scientist are claiming a breakthrough in the fight against cancer, but in fact, ….6 O' y# j9 }' D9 q+ A# m
  所以 ‘It is claimed that’ 通常翻译为“有报道称。。。”。和‘it is reported that ’的区别在于后者翻译为“据报道”,往往代表着作者赞同报告的内容,
$ r4 t3 O5 b0 F5 \9 u& D( Z5 |  Consider: to think about sth carefully, especially in order to make a decision
3 g1 o- z6 m) l5 T  翻译为“考虑”,一般不用作引出观点,看个例子:
4 Q5 U* m3 b4 J& O  F' C2 X  We are considering buying a new car.5 l, d0 o  V/ j1 N% ]
  所以,提醒您,千万不要在雅思大作文的第一段(观点表达段)就因为用词把握不准而导致对整篇文章的低分印象。8 }3 z. k1 ^! u/ c, K
  四、表“建议”的词汇后面忘记用虚拟从句
* i2 k1 I, {" y% g  这是摘自学生作文中的一个病句:1 ?* d. g; c! }7 D
  I suggest he continues his study instead of working after graduation from high school./ @  k8 f! X: l0 z5 g
  因为 ‘suggest’翻译为“建议”,所以后面的从句应该用虚拟语气,黑体部分应该改为 “(should) continue”# n. r" w/ \9 i6 u3 A# l/ a
  提醒您,一定要牢记以下常见表“建议”的词汇,而且要记住这些词接从句时要用虚拟语气:
  g! {4 [5 L6 `' X  Recommend, suggest, advise
9 `9 N* t, }' Z: k+ o  五、such as与for example的混用
7 r" |7 G# w* t5 H: d' h  我们知道,在表示举例子的时候,such as 与like是完全等同的,如:Wild flowers such as/like orchids and primroses are becoming rare.3 b( u7 A. U# q  o
  但是同学们对于Such as、for example 的把握还是不够准确。我们都知道,后者接句子前者接词语表示举例子。于是就有了下面的写法:/ C, y) n8 t; }
  There is a similar word in many languages, such as in French and Italian.
; e' N9 ^- N5 f) e) X  这里的such as改为 for example为好,因为“in French and Italian”其实是“there is a similar word in French and Italian”的简化,所以要用 for example来引出例证。再来看几个类似的例子:
& j  [$ c7 Q0 Z7 q1 E  It is possible to combine computer science with other subjects, for example physics.
/ x1 M4 N; J, Y, r1 ]% G: b; z  最后,要提醒各位考生,在平时的写作中绝对不能放过任何的模棱两可,只有平时“斤斤计较”才能做到“写作使人精确”。
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