一. 不一致(Disagreements)
5 ^ z. o7 N/ |所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。
j" h$ p) G# v0 r* D a% ?. {; [例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to 。
' I( m/ p4 L9 @0 E# F(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么。)
1 ~8 I" s+ [6 A' v- q) `剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。
! m: M' M* X+ {% V7 D- n改为:Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)
) L& X; ]/ I3 U/ H二. 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)
8 v2 ~2 V4 U5 V N) y英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解。例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus。
2 a, v: i+ s% Z剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末。
1 d _! _& y& G7 t8 A( O* e3 W三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments), k+ ?* H# \( p) V8 q, m3 b! N. E" T
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
% m3 h- c- t* a) l例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。 { G: U; s- |" Y- v' A
剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。4 a5 h ], b2 F/ a: X" E
改为:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper。- s) R7 ^3 s$ M9 r# v' r9 Z
四. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)
% Z: _0 t6 X. Q& f, |: Q所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了。/ {" i p5 o# Y, E& X5 t6 e
改为:
% B3 d# b9 P/ U% ZWhen I was ten, my grandfather died。4 j; [; O7 I+ q5 n& u% a" q" i
例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential。( ^1 |% V5 V/ b: h
剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚。4 g7 d# i' w% O' H; c" v% L* \' x
改为:
. S+ u% \8 K' V1 D% Z2 K% @To do well in college, a student needs good grades。: z8 r+ S7 V( x( B0 _. D
五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
, W* C- N! i z% j“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等。$ P- L2 k, a" J" y- ], W% P- a& l
例1. None can negative the importance of money。
, {9 v2 ^5 V R剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。 T5 ^" @2 e) m: z$ {
改为:" u# b6 R5 ~) d% b
None can deny the importance of money。
( G. w( B8 T9 @9 S2 o六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)! Z( r+ _ u( E& a
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:$ Z) i( n; ?6 ?$ o
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid。# e& W/ }( b3 [/ A6 M6 B% M, C
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)( e' r5 T% R3 U& a2 ^& D' D+ ?
读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:
! Z' l0 ~, P/ bMary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid。
) o- n! E, Y8 u, J$ w$ ^+ \% ?5 T例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself。. O3 |2 b( T: t' _& Z7 i- K; ~% k9 I
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为:
% N" T$ y% k, c; o
# a9 R! h' @# mWe can also know society by serving it ourselves。 |