新托福考试阅读新老题型大起底

会计考友

　新托福阅读考试中偶尔会出现的“新题型”往往会令许多考生感到茫然和恐慌，不过新托福考试名师认为大家对“新题型”完全没必要害怕，下面名师就将给我们详细分析新托福阅读考试OG中没出现的各种“新题型”。 　　其实这些新题型并不是进入2009年，2010年以或者是2011年新出现的题型。这些题型其实是新托福考试自从诞生之日起，就已经出现了的题型，但是由于ETS的官方指南一直没有将这部分题型列入其中，因此是等到“新托福突破口——TPO”出现之后，才慢慢被人们知晓的，在这之前，只有传言，但是都是捕风捉影。话不多说，妙文开始!
　　新托福考试OG列出了阅读的10种题型：
6 r% K! U2 F. X" x/ Z4 n5 N　　1. Factual information questions (纯粹细节)
　　2. Negative factual information questions (否定细节)
9 T" L9 V/ [1 c4 i) i　　3. Inference questions (推理题)
　　4. Rhetorical purpose questions (修辞目的题)
　　5. Vocabulary questions (词汇题)
　　6. Reference questions (指代题)
" t2 E7 X- z7 i) S1 o; y　　7. Sentence simplification questions (句子简化题)
7 W: `9 D; P; N9 a　　8. Insert text question (句子插入题)
　　9. Prose summary (内容摘要题)
. W; @  J* H/ a$ w& ~6 j* K/ s1 O　　10. Fill in a table (表格归类题)
　　但实际上，新托福考试阅读当中还考了一些OG中没列举出来的题目：
+ z& q/ N, ^9 c. L8 W' v8 V+ i+ D, y　　一.段间关系概括题：这种题目要求考生概括出2个自然段间的逻辑关系。比如说《THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION》这篇文章的第6题。
　　6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph2 and Paragraph3?
( y4 D: D; `) G　　Paragraph2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in Paragraph3
! V) k3 @; M% M: D& z　　Paragraph2 poses several questions, and Paragraph3offers a possible answer to one of them
) v- f* G, ?" w. S　　Paragraph2 presents outdated traditional views, while Paragraph3presents the current scientific conclusions.
0 v7 @" a* Y( k' t; x: |5 b0 G　　Paragraph2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in Paragraph3
　　二.修辞手法题：这种题目是修辞目的的变体。OG中大多数题目只考察一个词组的修辞目的，而实际考试会对一句话甚至整段话的修辞目的进行考察。一个是考修辞对象，一个是考修辞的手段。比如说，《Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction》这篇文章第2题：
　　2. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?
　　○To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record
　　○To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous
　　○To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous
" L0 p$ x* H0 |. R' z　　○To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster
　　三.段落结构题：这里题目考查的是文章段落的构架，可以算是新题型。比如：《THE ORIGINS OF THEATER》这篇文章的第9题，
: `. l. T6 K; L　　9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?
　　○The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.
　　○The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.
　　○The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.
/ _. E2 Q4 ?2 Z1 c　　○The author points out problems with two popular theories.
　　四. 段落主题题：这种题目考查的是整个段落的主题，可以说是老托福段落主题题的延续：
  W* L: z' S8 H- X' X0 c　　比如《Petroleum Resources》这篇文章的12题：
　　12.In paragraph 6, the author’s primary purpose is to
　　○Provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment
4 f2 P  r4 r5 U4 R" U! R8 V& Z5 D　　○Describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress
　　○Give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment
1 D! n$ I6 X5 q# V" a　　○Explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills
2 m. q/ C: b+ m9 i5 B$ f' e　　五. 双选题：其实不仅仅在听力考试之中有双选题，阅读考试之中也是有双选题的，只是ETS有可能觉得这点并不重要，因此没有通知偶们，例子请见：《The Geologic History of the Mediterranean》这篇文章第5题。
　　5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.
$ }2 \- T% ^& E- R3 C　　○Volcanic rock fragments.
　　○This silt layers
　　○Soft, deep-sea mud
" g  T# t! d* e; Q　　○Crystalline salt
1 R$ o" J8 v6 A9 E　　以及《THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACAN》这篇文章第11题：
( s1 S; L; R" g% X9 y
　　11. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.

会计考友

</p>　　○The prosperity of the elite
　　○Plenty of available housing
8 h0 e' `/ F5 W, K9 L; m　　○Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment
　　○The presence of one or more religious shrines
2 w3 M  ?, H/ t" P: y7 `& }　　除此以外，OG对于新托福考试阅读题型的呈现方法也与真实考试有一定距离，如：
! G2 X3 D4 {" x' s* M: I5 v* @" n　　一.细节题的阅读跨度：OG中大多数题目只考一段，但是实际考试会有一道题目考2段、甚至是3段的情况。比如《GROUNDWATER》这篇文章的第10题：
　　10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?
　　○It is unusually solid
　　○It often has high porosity.
$ ^3 Y0 ~" w1 s3 Z; _　　○It has a low proportion of empty space.
　　○It is highly permeable.
( o( z5 S( J+ J% V　　二.句子改写题的句子复杂性：真实考题比OG中的句子改写题要长很多，而且逻辑关系也更复杂。
　　三.指代题：OG指代题考得不少，真实考试指代题考得很少。
9 {7 N' x7 B; k　　四.选项长度:真题的选项长度长很多。
1 d0 g& f+ @! ~7 R; H  \: ?' p　　五.细节题题干关键字没有在原文直接给出。这让考生定位细节难度大幅度增加。不过说句公道话，其实在老托福考试就已经这样了，并不是在新托福考试之中独有的。比如《Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer》这篇文章的第11题。
) X) `  W  E3 Y2 c　　11.Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?
6 K" `1 X! r4 }* H3 x7 o1 |　　○Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.
4 M  L4 g2 \2 p4 a0 {, r( Q　　○Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.
" I2 w+ k& P' Z) f7 b; [" u　　○Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.
8 {; W  g/ ]2 k　　○Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.
　　六. 文章的复杂程度：这个也不用说了，OG的文章结构性非常明显，就好像看CCAV的新闻联播一样;真实考试的文章结构纠结多了，就好像看本届世界杯一样。比如：《The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems》和《Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast》这两篇文章。
　　新托福考试阅读部分其实并不存在真的所谓“新题型”，这些题型也是有规律可循的，考生们在备考时多加注意就没什么值得害怕的。