|
</p> 5 ]. t$ N* ?/ o, M! S1 Y$ B9 h
8 C5 D& S' w0 o& j4 ?; r 34．There are about 350 species and subspecies of birds in danger of become extinct,7 g0 c9 _- Q5 ` Q
A B
; U# M* I+ L# d" _8 O3 @' G0 k2 D with a large number of them, 117 in all, found on oceanic islands.
" \) m9 }2 B! F+ a; Y- _& j C D
8 _& W- s& w- R5 K' {2 \% U 35．The nineteenth-century romantic movement in art was partially a reaction to what
! ]/ K& H- T4 C- j5 `$ ?: d7 | A B C
; @& t2 V! ^/ l4 |* X was perceived as overemphasis on reasonable and order in neoclassicism.
6 z. Z9 N, {2 @2 p: U D
4 D: W% F" M- i1 X7 m! F- G 36．Like triglycerides, cholesterol is a type of fat that is both consumed in the diet but
& C: x" ]$ t! ^( I; a8 ` A B C D$ i/ w; x' b9 f R8 m4 D2 A3 \- @
manufactured by the body.
: ^( C4 K5 ]8 x0 ^) [$ y: J; s" O: H" P 37．Both the United States silver dollar and half-dollar, first minted in 1794, had a figure) v9 J' I7 ^" W0 d' }; v& d8 g
A B C
! z2 V' Z& T+ t' |8 Q of Liberty on one side and a eagle on the reverse side.
$ X- j+ X9 }" o3 b, Q D8 V8 y; t& q0 L
38．For an advertisement to be effective, its production and placement must to be based& u, {- ~: E' ]( g# [
A B C' R0 s7 J. ^% |/ M* D/ I2 h
on a knowledge of human nature and a skilled use of the media.! N3 E3 k; Y5 Q" H) D* q. {, h
D$ Z% N! d& u( x5 C
39．While photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert
2 A& W7 ?1 k# h3 h# }1 R I A B C
( Q6 u. x) ~ q" M+ N+ U water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
1 y. f c/ {; E" ?% n D
4 P% I W9 T7 _, L7 k {, G 40．The Democratic Party, the most oldest existing political party in the United States,% H: Z6 y1 v4 s) \
A B
1 v! o8 }& j' G has played a vital role in the nation’s history./ K) t9 v/ R+ _. |0 i
C D# v" F6 i* w- E+ Y1 ~
Section Three: Reading Comprehension
: }6 Y8 X" ^/ n. t& D Questions 1-107 G1 g/ o) r! C( w
One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect/ ^. f' n. \2 i( X+ L
bipedal primates—including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began
$ X. G' i7 I' q6 Z; `& j W, v* ~' U to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it
& t& |/ \7 r! L! g0 t/ Q0 E! l w Line was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a
( ?; y! ?9 x' f- U4 M1 x2 a. [ (5) fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools, Y& z% O# m% I
(10) surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological
7 v! F# K1 j7 `# \% ]9 y theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.
) |, t) N, b. h/ n6 O4 C One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools. Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible
; \1 A& b& I0 ^8 v (15) and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly
2 ^; M! v) U7 {' i# C4 r (20) nutritious food—meat and marrow-from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty about when human ancestors began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman9 e/ h! n5 p* F5 |+ ^
(25) primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.
% Q. q4 _9 K( c/ j% B5 @ 1. The passage mainly discusses which of
" G" x f, A; C s the following aspects of hominid
) C* z) V) j/ {4 P8 D# d1 ? behavior?
; ]( p. H) g: }. E Z- j8 U8 x- h1 R (A) Changes in eating and dietary
# r9 D, j" b! m. J, r practices (B) The creation of stone hunting tools
& y" B7 a& _# m# q- s: ` (C) Social interactions at home bases9 r1 m% A# L+ I# K* e$ M
(D) Methods of extracting nutritious food" I# K! D& s+ H# B
from carcasses
' l- T3 Y# ?( B+ T1 C) H 2. According to the passage, bringing a meal
6 k8 U% d/ T, v( B. L to a location to be shared by many8 r& a6 V3 S3 ?* q
individuals is/ w7 q% s% [( u1 o) v
(A) an activity typical of nonhuman
" S7 N8 ~2 w% J primates
. E) u' \$ u* Q9 D7 ` (B) a common practice among animals
# D0 k5 H( H& z that eat meat
0 l7 ~$ Z, ]4 P m' [2 c8 [1 H0 {3 _0 B (C) an indication of social unity .1 \* q( t6 P+ \4 |! O* y, F; b% j
(D) a behavior that encourages better
6 C; J# X! A$ x( f dietary habits
# k' l j* l+ P2 w% W 3. The word "consumed" in line 4 is closest8 ]0 j8 i' Y/ V3 d0 @/ R
in meaning to
H, r6 W: H; V. V2 f2 Z- I3 o (A) prepared
; X! x6 h, k, a (B) stored
" |9 n, `* Y/ @; o (C) distributed
/ a% j* V6 F$ @9 p% k (D) eaten
/ x9 ~0 K$ S3 c 4. According to paragraph 2, researchers1 w/ s7 r* ]& w! \7 J' p, o$ {
make copies of old stone tools in order to4 ]' R2 O1 t( x: t( n
(A) protect the old tools from being worn' _* P: X4 }0 a# l* P
out8 M c( t6 H4 E/ t% g1 w* @
(B) display examples of the old tools in/ G* \& c W6 t& F }/ C/ `4 D
museums/ U A1 r! S9 G- I. Z5 S1 M# X
(C) test theories about how old tools were
3 Z0 h5 u. m0 V used
% }( h6 }1 b( G) f$ _9 c (D) learn how to improve the design of# c+ k4 Q! @6 n% _# Q
modern tools
* m# {$ m0 d p' S" ^ 5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of
@; \' M s0 B9 M/ _+ c% ^+ A the following as examples of ways in5 {. t+ m1 E% F% V0 g
which early stone tools were used
; x! ^( T! w0 l4 d0 R. z$ |6 ] EXCEPT to
q( [" t" d8 `+ ~( H( M ~" @ (A) build home bases9 ]) O# x/ N" ^- X
(B) obtain food, c% U0 ]; ]# i6 c0 ]7 i$ m
(C) make weapons
* f" \2 H a {: X$ Q (D) shape wood+ v$ E J' w- |1 z0 Y2 `
6. The word "innovative" in line 13 is closest8 w8 Z# Q A' \2 ~
in meaning to
! e( o4 [" b/ I+ C( c9 F+ Z (A) good# }, b* I {# G/ J
(B) new* y+ g+ G! R$ W f, s/ @1 r
(C) simple
; t4 {, }1 _! j* j (D) costly& Z0 D& ?6 l* `3 Y {. K) d
7. The word "them" in line 15 refers to
# e& Z( _6 B# u; V! F (A) issues9 y, m; P! Y. o/ e
(B) researchers: A, N% l9 N. n& Q
(C) tools
; b W- e+ h. Q4 V" H: Z1 ]* [ (D) specimens
; F1 M9 G9 k. ~) Q 8. The author mentions "characteristic4 q' _0 U/ |1 I6 [ p
chippage patterns" in line 16 as an) Z' F: j) C* @9 q. \+ ]
example of
0 k. z* q7 R! C- s7 T3 G. } (A) decorations cut into wooden objects
2 `2 Z L. d/ ~ d2 n4 S (B) differences among tools made of1 b5 i$ N) ~/ U- K1 z( ]
various substances
7 p4 Y) f6 V" `1 q m3 J (C) impressions left on prehistoric animal" q& d0 r# c9 z- B
bones$ P% t) [$ a2 s5 z& O
(D) indications of wear on stone tools p. Z" z% A; G7 |1 F3 e, U5 R
9. The word "extract" in line 19 is closest in
/ Q5 J& Y" v" h, K& a0 H5 G meaning to
% {/ s6 @. s0 m5 [ (A) identify. ^) l# D; @: L2 d6 r
(B) remove
; H5 a: A U+ p, ~* P) I2 U (C) destroy! u; r4 n" N& z) }3 V, b6 m y
(D) compare
) n4 R' _, n( ?) | 10. The word "whether" in line 26 is closest
) m2 w' O* Z8 X; f: |& p# [! K in meaning to
+ f$ n) c% Q) i9 ] (A) if- K; A1 K: p) O' Z7 C
(B) how' ^2 x3 {( d6 J) M, @4 g% ~
(C) why
7 D9 K1 P9 O9 `! O* N (D) when: m' N/ N' P) F- s8 d9 C
Questions 11-20
u# Q, H `" `$ Q In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the
. f3 i& h) m. ~, P$ ~- A# B fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in
8 J# \9 X2 F) z2 A' R1 h the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were
# y& y7 j2 i9 U5 w. c( A Line often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was
& y, f; X& z r$ V (5) used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.& t' d+ H# @. t% ?3 U& h2 c
Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested the ends of a "lug pole" from which pots were suspended when cooking. Wood
- l# T& i% n2 f1 l& Y0 K, s' z (10) from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.
5 ] T! J9 s9 o' ~8 O( T- m: Z (15) Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small,
5 ?3 @; }7 R/ n) x$ G) l8 S. Y secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of "oven wood," consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its' y) r( r3 n5 Q: I( C: x* t0 D
(20) walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.# Z- I1 }4 y3 q; f: e: q$ r
Not ai! baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron "bake kettle," which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more: s4 \# v5 S p3 }7 I+ M
(25) embers piled on its lid.0 [) E. C2 {9 ~" h$ n/ B6 {# V
11. Which of the following aspects of8 L* c Y: p5 p7 O. o
domestic life in colonial North America; b' }/ a" p! j( }+ H1 _- R
does the passage mainly discuss?) s4 }7 M3 e$ ^& Y" {! i/ }
(A) Methods of baking bread
- ]5 ` n' a8 a (B) Fireplace cooking
0 g9 z5 R" |; `. `$ ]) Y! U3 c (C) The use of iron kettles in a typical8 j; x U. U8 [/ r, W
kitchen" o7 P. M$ h W* m3 |
(D) The types of wood used in preparing
- m- w2 o, c: t" Z meals
4 r$ Z' g+ V4 w. ]2 G/ y: d 12. The author mentions the fireplaces built
, d2 p7 T9 F, N `) v in the South to illustrate
7 y- u- s4 a9 f4 L: ?3 v& k z (A) how the materials used were similar
; Z$ s/ q6 G; {9 m H0 |2 `: S to the materials used in northeastern
( Z2 U6 s* i* k5 q1 d* } fireplaces* s h7 F7 Y% S/ ~( `) ~/ z1 S5 B
(B) that they served diverse functions, r# E5 J- r0 m2 S
(C) that they were usually larger than
- |( w) R7 x/ {9 C3 ` northeastern fireplaces9 a' E ^" b- G3 w* p* Y- v4 j. `
(D) how they were safer than
1 L8 n1 e! `0 H5 V northeastern fireplaces1 B( f5 a2 Q' |% L( i) k6 J
13. The word "scorched" in line 6 is closest
. u1 s Z4 O' t4 @4 K V in meaning to: |/ `$ d& Y+ B
(A) burned
" b& d% v3 C0 ]- m) C* W3 d- ^. ]4 C (B) cut
/ W/ \" \/ I$ B! Q6 j1 f (C) enlarged N: b6 _1 d/ F' t3 E
(D)bent1 L: _# ~# a; x2 t5 ^
14. The word "it" in line 6 refers to
: u. K# i( }' K- C# T. J& G (A) the stonework5 ~# V" P# q1 L" b. [/ H* c1 N: {: V
(B) the fireplace opening
$ d- f$ L0 O% J: p, P& g: ? (C) the mantel tree
! r4 j- ^3 [+ H% F/ o (D) the rising column of heat5 @; p. b) y0 ^
15. According to the passage, how was food
* ^5 M! n5 s+ \& n1 N$ H( t5 u usually cooked in a pot in the7 e6 Z3 ]8 k/ e- j
seventeenth century?5 O" X% [* ]4 N- G
(A) By placing the pot directly into the! e( {. v; T) W( j4 b
fire
- v* E: U+ q6 U6 m; r0 x. A9 Q (B) By putting the pot in the oven/ C% g6 ^6 c( d- m
(C) By filling the pot with hot water1 H6 A$ B |# o u
(D) By hanging the pot on a pole over: y+ D& u D. Y* T0 T
the fire/ Z2 j1 b3 r/ |3 u0 Z6 z: q% u: ?
16. The word "obtain" in line 12 is closest in3 q" o0 e* q4 E d1 E# |0 |
meaning to
! v/ {5 _9 w2 ] (A) maintain: Q9 S' U* c: Z( ^* l- }
(B) reinforce
3 `* q7 h X- n8 C (C) manufacture
0 p$ a7 x' o% {$ Q (D) acquire
* M5 f! ^2 F/ ~& m 17. Which of the following is mentioned in
; n7 Y: ^4 g$ N6 E" H paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a3 a. r! p1 s" D$ c( E' Q
wooden lug pole?
# b6 r/ I$ i2 ^" p1 g (A) It was made of wood not readily
$ z/ I# G7 y$ A* d4 L/ T: m- K4 |; Q available.. E. ]5 [1 M4 r5 Q! p
(B) It was difficult to move or rotate.
) R3 Q- ?% l# p0 y! m# f" u- d. n6 F (C) It occasionally broke.
- Z6 {0 J" p8 v& a1 E! Q (D) It became too hot to touch., q9 I3 Z( ]) w# W
18. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that,+ e' i4 ?4 g% ~1 H. G# r1 |
compared to other firewood, "oven
; O" a) W Y6 `' ~5 @: Q wood" produced6 ^' @6 x# `& X- g' q" ^7 |
(A) less smoke& x, o. U0 ]+ c& n! R' }
(B) more heat
( U( k, K; e! z0 c1 a4 [) N3 b (C) fewer embers
* ^% a6 ]+ P/ q7 e3 { (D) lower flames6 E* e% K, D* C
19. According to paragraph 3, all of the1 x- S5 ]+ ]' @; q& F) k- H
following were true of a colonial oven
- B4 l" s3 r* G! @# v EXCEPT:
1 p O( ~1 H* ?6 ~2 l (A) It was used to heat the kitchen every
* s- |/ v7 }! }/ u day.: k, \$ K/ o i: R
(B) It was built as part of the main4 g7 R3 q+ t) c: U
fireplace.; b) s8 \/ W9 X3 r* T& J
(C) The smoke it generated went out
0 H. ?) T/ y. Y3 `0 q6 p/ C/ t through the main chimney.' ?: c$ k2 Q) c/ l
(D) It was heated with maple sticks.
5 W' I! `8 L9 F/ o- S* b( c4 S3 H 20. According to the passage, which of
& S" g8 M: W- h0 q" x the following was an advantage of a
" k2 B+ D6 Q, F, M | "bake kettle"?
) Z7 T! m- r3 i: J+ U1 I& }' {5 a4 M (A) It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.5 q) E7 v" q3 r( k
(B) It did not need to be tightly closed.
! L$ e c2 _5 L$ Y0 q; L4 R$ | (C) It could be used in addition to or. H# y! P& Q v8 j5 E1 @, }7 [+ c
instead of the oven.1 O; q; E0 j8 i8 X x) [( g
(D) It could be used to cook several
# r% b$ `# w$ C6 Z0 }: ?) a1 _, N9 C foods at one time." O: @( @2 z7 c
Questions 21-29
! Q7 d( }- \: g9 w* j% Q8 [- t2 Z Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects—an estimated 90 percent of the
. r! G" G& L, s world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of' ?+ F+ t( `( Y/ [; o/ B/ f2 ^
insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also
% e8 y) @& R" b3 ` B3 K/ h have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for- f7 C* W+ V9 D
(5) communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
0 ^: W7 a6 A2 x! J3 p+ Z Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past
" _! c5 V4 s. c: E& }5 |: X century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions.
+ t1 F/ _$ C2 a! | For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when' R0 a0 ^; C! M! k
he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total
& L4 u. v9 L/ N# h (10) number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only
1 H( }2 x9 C: e, M, R" K! d/ W3 n 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well* S5 w9 B) W3 h) X
confirmed.7 ^. s& c2 r# N( Q7 K
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between2 g4 N) @/ ^. c/ j8 }* P
temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary/ c; m, J F0 ]7 Y' Z1 {6 |; g
(15) among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness
! E n4 B2 N& h% x- {" g within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed,
. _3 l" B4 j* t comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still, _% L6 M: P& w4 V% d- A3 }
mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike) u: _) L$ z4 Y
comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation
. J8 z" u( F6 _1 w! i (20)phase.; A o3 B. j m/ n# L/ v
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical
# d. V' s) j. w2 u+ U- E) \ decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously;0 z7 o, P7 ]" G5 T/ e
little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make
* N1 s1 `: ^# |& P* v1 J8 E( f up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that% Y8 e% O5 e# {2 p4 c/ w; ?7 `- V
(25) by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be
5 N& {+ g3 I) C' T minimized.. N8 m4 k* k3 S7 Q. s6 S3 h1 p$ W
21. Which aspect of butterflies does the
" m: i: B* B7 r3 ~5 H9 R5 S passage mainly discuss?; ^/ }/ n, l4 m8 A- Y2 R- U
(A) Their physical characteristics3 t. a& Q. m7 O: P6 k
(B) Their names
) B! ~8 U3 n/ b1 ~ (C) Their adaptation to different habitats
# u$ l0 p9 { e3 B3 U1 B' { (D) Their variety
+ X. K+ ~8 K5 B" S8 f4 ^% ^ 22. The word "consequence" in line 2 is
) Y7 T' Z5 x+ ` [* x closest in meaning to Z2 G7 f: C* L( j
(A) result4 L" l4 m! x/ ?7 n# X% C7 H; J
(B) explanation
/ B& X. x% X3 y7 W% C (C) analysis
9 A. p& f9 m5 c% h, S (D) requirement
. u) u6 Q( J9 D. U, Q8 b5 c: L7 w 23. Butterflies are a good example for
# n" [/ E' U4 x# s communicating information about( a5 [# R- G- Q5 z
conservation issues because they
6 y* `& T5 w! t) K (A) are simple in structure
: c, f Z7 k7 |0 d (B) are viewed positively by people z' T$ n" D- n& [& o8 H$ V7 {
(C) have been given scientific names1 J+ ^# q; p1 J% G- C
(D) are found mainly in temperate
' Y7 \2 Y2 \% r' o. d" K' N climates
* m1 p8 e8 A" O m9 _ 24. The word "striking" in line 7 is closest in
7 @( n, \6 c: ]; g! x+ T9 a, H meaning to2 O2 P% `1 l. j' N0 p8 z
(A) physical0 \9 T0 L1 m& I5 L6 I3 e) H7 \/ e9 Y# t
(B) confusing) B. F4 T3 r8 {5 G5 T
(C) noticeable
, R/ U9 V5 z' @5 s (D) successful
! U* d$ f' [6 r) F( U 25. The word "exceed" in line 10 is closest5 G8 T" z/ w4 n+ C3 c( k" m. v
in meaning to. H# _. e6 Y& E8 u s2 n2 l
(A) locate
% _9 x, J4 f+ f (B) allow
# t0 ]. Z& h" z N- d (C) go beyond
- t* i+ i, d* q# i/ e- f+ s (D) come close to
# q9 l0 w( i v9 o; E9 w+ k 26. All of the following are mentioned as1 J& S8 k4 U+ S. H
being important parts of a general theory# K! o- R1 y3 ~# ?6 Z
of diversity EXCEPT
* M X* _% P& p8 |: G9 o (A) differences between temperate and+ E" }& P8 Y. B
tropical zones( I7 L2 l1 M4 R/ b+ C5 l2 y. {
(B) patterns of distribution of species in. u* n0 I7 |5 M/ ^4 Z, L
each region
6 d8 G+ p5 \* c2 k* d: A) T5 o (C) migration among temperate and; ~4 M1 j/ @8 {
tropical zones8 a% m. ~/ f! X1 z& g
(D) variation of patterns of distribution
( [, N0 i( q+ `+ v0 g& y of species among different animals
" x7 h7 W3 A9 P* f0 d7 B3 z and plants
( B# f" ^! ?" l9 d0 U) d1 Q% Q 27. The author mentions tropical Asia in9 m1 \% N$ g: N
lines 17-18 as an example of a location
* `/ `) n$ g( r7 h) n- { where- g, q; a) `' n! G, ~4 r) @" C
(A) butterfly behavior varies with
9 E @$ z% A) {' x( _ climate& S" M' J1 g: u
(B) a general theory of butterfly
* B3 X4 C" R- `1 T4 S* R {, e diversity has not yet been firmly
8 a9 s: w+ S. s% W* c established
$ {3 k5 E' o* W9 _0 x+ t# T (C) butterflies are affected by human* \4 b' N2 d0 U) j! ?1 n
populations
* _' J* e0 S6 j# G# x$ z2 Z: u4 {: K (D) documenting plant species is more5 O/ K2 r1 `' ?' A, [5 x8 F- O
difficult than documenting butterfly
+ ~: r( l: f8 ]) ~) a/ Y8 p species* B8 T1 D" U# P
28. Which of the following is NOT well* c3 A! Z: R E- s+ ?5 Y9 U/ E! j
understood by biologists?
2 ~, E7 w3 h* H5 W (A) European butterfly habitats/ J' Y2 C F* [! p) d
(B) Differences in species richness6 J/ i7 G/ g- ~& ]
between temperate and tropical
4 I. v) e% h9 o regions
% \+ N* A2 t( V3 j! V5 \' K (C) Differences in species richness
4 ]+ X& e' e' [( `& f& ~ within a temperate or a tropical4 }% ]( {/ X9 n' |& O R; w- p
region
) F" K# z/ p4 }8 k6 _1 F* T (D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of- w$ n, _6 U4 i# E: B* q
butterflies and certain animal groups
. K9 J1 G) d( L- O 29. The word "generated" in line 25 is# n/ y# ~* R' z9 c* U8 X+ e' P
closest in meaning to2 j# V2 j2 b* ^+ H
(A) requested
1 p2 u; k" }( R# `& S( E3 D (B) caused6 g; d; z3 i" f; K0 }/ m( y7 d
(C) assisted
) E. w2 K6 d! W, s (D) estimated
/ d- e+ l& S, b' G J* n8 B& r3 b Questions 30-40
, C/ Y1 G# z$ C+ G) v; o According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution4 O# E6 K; U! @
Line (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm.
: b2 p6 @) @( x+ i! s4 I, r, H# I (5) Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.
" u8 q. ~4 o2 C" p7 F" J9 e (10) In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move
1 Z. G% J' q% N8 e/ i$ B2 p from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930' s. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the) H \3 o' Z7 j4 S
(15) idea was popular with workers.
! C! n! Y5 @4 [9 u' a/ g The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in K! H2 D# {( m/ t- f$ w
(20) the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not
) ]/ F+ x7 p% J* G. Q. K immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work/ \" C& O5 y. K" u' _" ]1 s
(25) per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.! i8 v- W2 j( |# {5 F2 F' H
30. What does the passage mainly discuss?; o: K2 J- V+ R
(A) Why people in preindustrial* b6 u) b+ Y$ W$ r" M
societies worked few hours per week4 k6 f6 Y0 {, f
(B) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week
1 {# f2 I \8 j: I4 q$ T- ?8 \; h (C) A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries
- H$ a5 o E7 J6 H! o (D) Working conditions during the, M, `% w6 u% i/ S: r, V: B
Industrial Revolution
& F5 T) Y( Y0 x/ q( W6 R 31. Compared to preiudustrial times, the3 N( Y0 l* h Y9 |, O4 {: ^* S% i
number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century4 k1 U5 U2 K* R; c( t& { }
(A) remained constant1 c4 \ Q. P3 e2 I# T0 {
(B) decreased slightly, p4 @' @% @4 w, M* r
(C) decreased significantly7 M8 I4 R! x- X2 s
(D) increased significantly
" w5 O6 V+ A6 r0 k 32. The word "norm" in line 4 is closest in meaning to+ d8 H3 ` u/ ?" u* I: G
(A) minimum.9 F1 F: q; f. s8 w/ W
(B) example
) L8 F2 }% T$ n; F$ S8 A2 a4 @ (C) possibility
% P2 a3 v. N1 V' T7 o. o (D) standard8 ]5 X! {. i2 E
33. The word "henceforth" in line 13 is closest in meaning to" M! B: w5 l/ e" F7 l% z+ g
(A) in the end- e" c! ^- l" k/ W+ x
(B) for a brief period
g: a: e4 P2 T# P+ w5 v( ] (C) from that time on
d( w' N2 R# C& H (D) on occasion5 b( P6 J( d" @$ q7 U- d
34. The "idea" mentioned in line 15 refers to
7 X2 K1 w9 m+ j8 R' [, h (A) the 60-hour workweek
8 s# m& p3 B& n: B3 i1 ] (B) the reduction in the cost of, Y E+ ]6 N {- R- M3 o1 C2 W
automobiles, H4 C m+ o1 z
(C) the reduction in the workweek at
/ h' U8 m: p$ ?6 j# ]& s- n some automobile factories
7 h$ c7 \5 ?% O* T- r (D) the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse
1 O6 `; i+ }2 A 35. What is one reason for the change in the- X+ D9 T1 G# J2 ^0 g
length of the workweek for the average) H- k' F9 A, Z" q1 N/ a# P" O
worker in the United States during the
$ @& z4 Z+ m( ` 1930's?8 Q$ m n' S+ e/ \* N( {; Y
(A) Several people sometimes shared a2 u; L# k, o( F H1 W' Z I r
single job.- b+ _) E, G! w; U! `9 a8 i
(B) Labor strikes in several countries& X- F9 Z* t1 D2 x
influenced labor policy in the5 f# n- I- ]. @; }% K0 ?
United States.- M% L W9 N3 }; K+ n
(C) Several corporations increased the% g+ u c: v* X" ~: \* ~
length of the workweek.1 @% s4 D; a# j7 M L
(D) The United States government! d' D, E& Z& Z. G
instituted a 35-hour workweek.
) L& i4 T5 z' K+ C# i+ K7 N 36. Which of the following is mentioned as9 S$ y# H7 g# K/ [/ M# g1 g6 u
one of the purposes of the Fair Labor
; Q( Y3 u0 b( o7 B, g5 e) B9 { Standards Act of 1938 ?
9 l% N, U7 }, J (A) To discourage workers from asking% s' R; N+ j3 q! R9 R
fof increased wages
1 x3 K% R4 r: \0 B) o6 @ ~ (B) To establish a limit on the number of
( M& j- V8 S5 [0 c6 _; K8 b hours in the workweek
3 `8 p2 ~7 ~" c; x m (C) To allow employers to set the length
3 b# N9 m) P9 o5 z, p8 T+ Z of the workweek for their workers
0 _' g7 R1 u( c5 h3 x) i7 _ (D) To restrict trade with countries that
! Y, W. i) _. k8 J' y! o6 k; n8 P had a long workweek- [% m# H4 e2 R5 }2 n4 Y0 S
37. The word "mandated" in line 18 is
* B; p3 J, r! M9 O% h9 F closest in meaning to
8 v! z! N" y/ Y' T& A (A) required `1 {; x# O8 m! }& \
(B) recommended: W" Y- a y' ?* [4 O% I
(C) eliminated
& A/ z+ \3 e0 m. }9 n (D) considered
7 d3 ~" K* F2 R. K0 z/ r) q 38. The word "immutable" in line 21 is/ s; G& ?4 {/ n. U) Y% J4 ?$ J
closest in meaning to
+ n; j5 \: q) m/ I# R (A) unmatched" ]8 W5 w' S- q9 ?3 m
(B) irregular
$ m. b/ f8 }( r, S& C. \ (C) unnecessary
+ |+ H. j: g$ ~2 U (D) unchangeable
' F. {6 W2 G4 c 39. Which of the following is NOT
# F: N) V& ]9 A/ R5 z! n mentioned as evidence that the length of2 J Q/ ]4 I& w- ?/ }% C# M
the workweek has been declining since
: U* |( O0 C2 g/ c( I6 H the nineteenth century?( j1 H0 W4 f$ m V( U) E* v6 j, K
(A) The half-day holiday (line 7)
$ j5 I6 ^( o1 i4 J (B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)
7 f. v8 k: j& M2 | (C) United States Steel and
0 k8 p% m( w; ~, e$ ? Westinghouse (line 14)
2 J3 a! f0 v, F3 v4 S$ R) ]- m (D) German metalworkers (line 21)& T% r; k6 K; w' s9 U! a( F
40. According to the passage, one goal of the9 j5 k, q! R7 z2 P* A0 D
Japanese government is to reduce the
3 |6 X! B6 d+ V& e& W# D7 F average annual amount of work to* O. o3 N( R5 d
(A) 1,646 hours
) N9 K- {/ J( i; q7 s9 y l: P, ? (B) 1,800 hours
; o, u# D: k" F2 x, [7 h- w4 M. ^ (C) 1,957 hours
- w3 d8 n2 f; X" r: N& g (D) 2,088 hours
* g$ h2 C+ ^) H5 v' ~$ {' s, i- w Questions 41-50* f+ y$ P: R& p. X% ~- x3 `. `( K
The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United Slates museums and private6 L4 ], u" d) O$ p, `
Line collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the
; d. w R1 [8 {! f; h$ Q+ `+ N (5) late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to
, S4 K+ Q0 V7 H. t; H) z$ Z8 ` (10) admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.$ ]9 c# b1 E- d$ g2 ?' h# z
The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most9 }* s) d# @: H( N2 Y; E3 U# K
(15) Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.' V& F# d* {$ |$ ]
(20) In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of% W" E* B: i$ [. N2 h
handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts' G: `1 j6 G3 P9 H" s
(25) design is nature.; h" r+ T6 r6 k- s$ b
The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects. For both artisan and consumer,' s# ^$ |7 c3 [, q- ^2 k* }
(30) the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.
5 D7 B; X' ^6 W" a! I4 y 41. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts in terms of which of the following?- b+ N; e, \+ k* c4 ~6 N9 x
(A) Their naturalistic themes4 K2 \% [( {: w" }" d5 S0 n
(B) Their importance in museum
: a6 Q; d9 _. U: f' k1 ? collections+ }- U9 |0 Q1 J1 `! ~& r. T
(C) Their British origin P+ Z: E1 f8 R: @
(D) Their role in an industrialized
4 s+ L% m7 p3 h. I society+ @. U# z( R* |- x- {
42. According to the passage, before the nineteenth century, artisans were thought to be5 G9 z- F8 ~- r5 {3 h
(A) defenders of moral standards2 _( _3 C, p4 H( T* r. e
(B) creators of cheap merchandise7 V! ?+ |: ^" p* f( o$ a8 {
(C) skilled workers: r7 Y# s" N3 P0 `( k
(D) artists
8 T6 v8 l" d) m( u- D 43. It can be inferred from the passage that' Z/ [, E- W' t! g! W
the Arts and Crafts Movement would! e$ y9 f; O2 l _* G) P
have considered ail of the following to r* N& i- H- L6 X7 \- N& k
be artists EXCEPT
9 O+ _- S, A6 a \, `( L. k L (A) creators of textile designs v. B& X; B! F% @( R) X' w q
(B) people who produce handmade glass
1 W7 h, f7 `+ Y0 ?2 S; G9 z$ ~ objects4 Q3 r4 r% f H; B( g
(C) operators of machines that
+ u1 t2 N- J1 @) `/ R automatically cut legs, for furniture+ C* j3 G3 P6 v% O `- c$ H
(D) metalworkers who create unique: ?) H- ~2 }+ m5 H; g R
pieces of jewelry/ Z; i9 N( t! } ]8 U& G
44. The word "revered" in line 14 is closest
9 b4 Q# T1 x8 P; j) x% V in meaning to
7 w; M& s0 x$ P, c& b, ^& _/ d (A) respected! T8 N8 e [; f8 h: x7 n
(B) described' X9 B/ [$ x1 l( Q' c
(C) avoided
. E$ C* z: n8 l" r% M3 i (D) created
! f" |- M1 q7 W8 f0 V9 U: H5 O( @ 45. According to paragraph 2, the
+ C! a' J1 V" J& a0 U- H' G3 G- v handcrafted objects in the homes of) e) Q& N- }, Y$ g& ?
middle- and working-class families
& u: U4 V" H- d usually were4 G" a3 M0 G% W# D9 I9 p5 c* G/ w5 l
(A) made by members of the family
, ^$ a0 D# s( C" j Y (B) the least expensive objects in their
7 i, P" B9 Y( | homes5 Z% q# {: e) G- Y/ z; m3 m* j
(C) regarded as being morally uplifting
' N, s! K U) q2 j. @1 S" `7 b (D) thought to symbolize progress
" C* z! i' [# E3 E" h 46. The word "extolled" in line 20 is closest. S; @) Q; @2 c- D, N; Y
in meaning to n0 \* P; C5 i0 `6 r$ I
(A) exposed9 _2 B2 H; _* d# ^2 j; y
(B) praised
E) R" K9 s7 A" e (C) believed
5 y- G5 o# n8 H6 N* E" v) K$ h# s (D) accepted3 z+ I# b! ?5 ?
47. The author mentions all of the following. j; d' [% n7 v' E, B( v8 l
as attributes of handcrafted objects
/ @& P+ g$ n* D/ ^! i4 c: _! g" E EXCEPT
2 \; e; t0 L# i6 | (A) the pride with which they were" B% I1 l# s, ~( Q3 m7 ~) A* _
crafted
' r' }3 Z1 P" ~5 _7 r9 O' I (B) the complexity of their design
& m( ~" u2 [- f Q5 Q3 ~3 O9 O I (C) the long time that they lasted& g4 H' s' U' r" c- F v
(D) the quality of their materials* a5 }2 b2 X9 d% Z0 d: q; S" e
48. The word "consistent" in line 24 is
0 S, }. E. L6 {# @; ` closest in meaning to0 S/ h+ f/ j' T
(A) conservative, n. k" s) Y7 [9 D, }
(B) considerable, H3 t: O9 N- a! S' B P
(C) constant+ _0 u V' p9 D& ]! F/ k* s! I
(D) concrete3 R( K" s) z% J" p# ~+ @- X) N
49. According to the passage, which of the U) C& o& {4 C
following changes occurred at the same, R0 \) _& b+ n% `
time as the Arts and Crafts Movement?
1 e/ n% |8 }" b! y. ?. @ (A) The creation of brighter and more
" D! q1 J% ]" ]5 F airy spaces inside homes4 d; r# ~" l! {6 M$ o
(B) The rejection of art that depicted! M% K m ~) ~
nature in a realistic manner6 T' u9 H( d( v1 ]
(C) A decline of interest in art museum
2 ~: i9 Q. f) [! Q collections
2 [& z) X4 a D/ O" a% c, J (D) An increase in the buying of
; g* G3 d) x) I: z1 N imported art objects
) H$ H( [ _6 Q 50. Which of the following statements is# K" m1 {$ C8 Q# e* m/ N
supported by the passage?2 \) v" @3 V& X* g3 L$ g4 C U
(A) Private collectors in the nineteenth/ w0 n' z, T/ [$ x
century concentrated on acquiring' R6 @" ?# g7 B1 B
paintings.
5 }0 L6 H5 P7 v# C9 Z j4 ~ (B) The Arts and Crafts Movement in& O3 J4 Q: {2 h$ `% Y1 W7 x
the United States, unlike the one in
4 Y8 P) P2 E2 A' e% S' O6 J Britain, did not react strongly
/ g& S8 R6 a5 i8 D G; _* x4 L- [ against mechanized processes.
/ W6 Y. l4 f6 @* i1 w8 y' M (C) Handcrafted objects in the United5 k+ ~9 ~/ O+ v1 Q: b
States and Britain in the nineteenth
% }/ ~, E, S- D: \, Y century did not use geometric! R4 Y$ V: h8 J) v: I4 b/ W
designs.
4 z3 h2 G' u2 V (D) The Arts and Crafts Movement
" t. j2 {% U( | believed in the beneficial effect for
! B$ q- N. h9 _/ R s$ b people from being surrounded by7 H9 m; e) O' l1 I$ {
beautiful objects. |
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