Newspaper publishers in the United States have long been enthusiastic users - J, E/ _# Z# P4 s" q1 ?) v: o
and distributors of weather maps. Although some newspapers that had carried the 0 D( w7 i( m+ w- h, Z0 H& P8 b
United States Weather Bureau's national weather map in 1912 dropped it once the
. v9 f5 ^- \" x$ I$ Snovelty had passed, many continued to print the daily weather chart provided by 0 F" e- [6 A$ y; ~
(5) their local forecasting office. In the 1930's, when interest in aviation and progress in
) w! \7 x' h9 y' E/ F# m2 [air-mass analysis made weather patterns more newsworthy, additional newspapers . T- q' C+ K9 r
started or resumed the daily weather map. In 1935, The Associated Press (AP) news
( L" G. ]7 x9 b' s8 ^ I9 e2 b1 b; Y7 {: ^service inaugurated its WirePhoto network and offered subscribing newspapers 9 d6 _# Z( }: F
morning and afternoon weather maps redrafted by the AP's Washington, B.C., office
" a7 g) O: A2 u7 v- J! Z; ](10)from charts provided by the government agency. Another news service, United Press International (UPI), developed a competing photowire network and also provided ' `: ?( ~# S) G
timely weather maps for both morning and afternoon newspapers. After the United
( q' I/ @3 N" b$ dStates government launched a series of weather satellites in 1966, both the AP and
9 R& ^* C9 X2 u, FUPI offered cloud-cover photos obtained from the Weather Bureau.
2 R, i D9 L ]; y' @! o, l(15) In the late 1970's and early 1980's, the weather map became an essential * C' P6 a5 p# \; j n
ingredient in the redesign of the American newspaper. News publishers, threatened
+ p7 r0 a# s3 J# Vby increased competition from television for readers' attention, sought to package ( @4 r9 j7 K) a! S% o( s
the news more conveniently and attractively. In 1982, many publishers felt
3 G, O/ t/ f; q* r" @threatened by the new USA Today, a national daily newspaper that used a page-wide,
, _# Q0 U! Z' ]; z(20)full-color weather map as its key design element. That the weather map in USA
4 }" }/ C7 e- l$ B 21 Today did not include information about weather fronts and pressures attests to the
! X# S7 k: P7 z, Ylargely symbolic role it played. Nonetheless, competing local and metropolitan
$ G+ w: `/ w$ y z. ]8 f5 e2 Q4 I" |newspapers responded in a variety of ways. Most substituted full-color temperature # v& h$ }; K5 b: x
maps for the standard weather maps, while others dropped the comparatively drab
" ~+ {; E, q) ]. ?9 ~* b: G8 ?. n* D(25)satellite photos or added regional forecast maps with pictorial symbols to indicate
/ t/ V* Y0 a1 s3 Hrainy, snowy, cloudy, or clear conditions. A few newspapers, notably The New York
! ]# ?0 v8 N7 q& r, g$ lTimes, adopted a highly informative yet less visually prominent weather map that 9 E. r7 e8 y9 g- {/ x3 v) f6 a. I
was specially designed to explain an important recent or imminent weather event. : {. _; `6 X* a; y7 b( o7 U
Ironically, a newspaper's richest, most instructive weather maps often are
/ a. A, E9 I3 G' X8 l* B8 C- f' M(30)comparatively small and inconspicuous. |
发表于 2012-8-14 22:34:35
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