Questions 1-10
' E [% [7 \8 pBy far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and
: j# z2 V) ]3 R$ ?7 B0 Y% B) i9 Dnineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or
: D: u8 L7 D! P! X, vwool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning
3 ?! Y( B5 U3 Z# jLine and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during q! F" G6 i( B; e
(5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American5 y# Y% x, ^) J+ x, E6 ]
producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin6 j' M) H8 a4 j5 r
by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the- d8 Q) W3 x8 r! [
fiber---or lint--from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively* z' \9 R0 m% e# r( M
easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the3 U7 x _4 s$ {7 J2 n, |4 @; }
(10) base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the2 w, e4 `4 B& U1 {, u; E
nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season,
# s* h. W" F+ b; o+ B9 ?( v- Vbut the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could: |8 W) d+ a* ^/ c8 I
hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine* ^. F( M) v! ]3 Q
with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin,7 e) J( l h% M2 [, R; ^
(15) a worker could produce up to '50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger
' Z9 B2 L0 d! J, O. A: [$ s/ {gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.( l( q+ ~) a1 r% ~. t+ D
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of
+ O% z& x: j6 ]$ v7 Athe cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American
: z% a$ g: u6 ~8 Y Texport, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American6 X& ]2 E( D6 t2 N: |' X& C+ Y
(20))exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share( h0 G; F. Z. R' A2 S1 c' [
in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.
1 }6 m5 I$ a) I r. }) c2 h& OIn contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American
( i V2 A' Y# F$ I* Dexports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The1 k* J1 q9 q4 Y0 ^ G
growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an3 s# d2 G* u& {- B- e& w) R1 K
(25) unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the; x! ~3 r6 F7 v
United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River. |