There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering. and the taking of censuses —— all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.! v( o L8 T6 l0 s; x- N1 Z
Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level - variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum - orthe data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass or data. Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as l00 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
5 ~$ e, U5 O+ @1 x6 K' D1 L 21. With what is the passage mainly concerned ?2 e* `5 C+ z- }6 Y( [
(A) The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statistics
$ X& t, T) I+ s7 {' \ (B) Applications of inferential statistics3 Z( a! C( p4 E) K
(C) The development and use of statistics: x- R4 o. q% X( f) G
(D) How to use descriptive statistics
7 Q3 E- X2 |4 g: W& ^1 i& r 22. The word "divergent" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
" u% y3 T+ i* T* l! { [ (A) different a: a: {$ ^; E' ]
(B) distributed- l; N. s3 E/ T5 d* }
(C) recorded9 Q& _) u) e `) H
(D) prominent# p4 q8 V8 a: G: [* J: P
23. According to the first paragraph, counting and census-taking arc associated with; z, Y9 u" ^0 I; ~
(A) inferential statistics. i! @1 n Q( N. D
(B) descriptive statistics
$ Q) L& ^3 B! t j7 }1 X- P (C) unknown variables# v" K; m# r* [0 G
(D) qualitative changes
8 u2 k4 r8 v9 W) b+ q( r2 L5 I& Z7 ~$ r 24. Why does the author mention the "mother" and "father" in the first paragraph? |
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