托福阅读模拟练习之管理学 托福阅读的关键是在于多看多练，为了帮助广大考生更好的复习，小编为大家整理提供托福阅读模拟练习，以供各位考生复习参考，生活中有很多事情需要大家细心观察和发现，阅读文章不仅可以锻炼能力还能了解各方面的知识。在托福阅读练习中大家要多找些托福文章练习，小编也会经常找些文章让大家参考的，下面开始今天的托福阅读吧。
: K" S, S- S5 o. x! d. d Although management principles have been implemented since ancient times, most management scholars trace the beginning of modern management thought back to the early 1900s, beginning with the pioneering work of Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor was the first person to study work scientifically. He is most famous for introducing techniques of time and motion study, differential piece rate systems, and for systematically specializing the work of operating employees and managers. Along with other pioneers such as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage, labeling his philosophy and methods “scientific management’. At that time, his philosophy, which was concerned with productivity, but which was often misinterpreted as promoting worker interests at the expense of management, was in marked contrast to the prevailing industrial norms of worker exploitation.2 s0 x$ V, j/ Z/ ~5 m
The time and motion study concepts were popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The Gilbreths had 12 children. By analyzing his children’s dishwashing and bedmaking chores, this pioneer efficiency expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles whereby workers could eliminate waste motion. He was memorialized by two of his children in their 1949 book called “Cheaper by the Dozen”.
, g/ {. n w2 O) r1 Q The Gilbreth methods included using stop watches to time worker movements and special tools (cameras and special clocks) to monitor and study worker performance, and also involved identification of “therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled backwards) – basic motions used in production jobs. Many of these motions and accompanying times have been used to determine how long it should take a skilled worker to perform a given job. In this way an industrial engineer can get a handle on the approximate time it should take to produce a product or provide a service. However, use of work analysis in this way is unlikely to lead to useful results unless all five work dimensions are considered: physical, psychological, social, cultural, and power.! x" ]; k6 ^* q- v
1. What is the passage primarily about?% G# p4 G$ d% k
(a) The limitations of pioneering studies in understanding human behavior; t: O3 i; { N% G* ~
(b) How time and motion studies were first developed A' F+ V5 ~, o$ M. j/ m% i
(c) The first applications of a scientific approach to understanding human behavior& x, {- w) }1 `/ \1 I
(d) The beginnings of modern management theory+ ^- L, D! Q8 D: {# V; p* B
2. The word “ which” in line 9 refers to) [& X# i5 y' J4 z5 i
(a) scientific management
8 V; N7 |5 u# B& J8 K4 X9 a- f$ M! Q (b) philosophy
! ? i7 f5 I6 _- C- Q (c) productivity转自:考试网 - [Examw.Com]
. j+ I; Q- @/ m9 h# T (d) time and motion study
- L( U8 H2 [% k; p% \" i6 o 3. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that
# K9 m& M2 R8 i2 p4 @1 B (a) workers welcomed the application of scientific management
# H }" _; V$ t! @5 M- e (b) Talor’s philosophy is different from the industrial norms/ x5 D1 D1 p. [ g% u) E; M; |
(c) by the early 1900s science had reached a stage where it could be applied to the workplace
8 Y+ d& }4 m4 p" B: L5 x4 s (d) workers were no longer exploited after the introduction of scientific management.: R7 @" m! H# H) w4 `
4. The word “prevailing” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
% a/ ^" e! ?' h7 C! `1 L& _ (a) predominant
* e" \, ^; P- a) ^" K (b) broadly accepted
0 W' H( f* V7 }8 h (c) prevalent2 |: Q9 L* y7 m8 {1 c3 @
% t2 d) \1 c# e, }; u7 c- M
(d) common |
发表于 2012-8-14 23:21:39
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