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[托福语法] 2010年新托福语法笔记:改错非谓语动词

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发表于 2012-8-14 23:32:39 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
一、现分与过分的区别
, A" ^. R2 E5 H/ O$ I  现分      过分      考与不考备注
% {: p2 a9 W2 N5 m0 D! J- [' s4 v  -------------------------
! A9 u# V+ U# _& K! q% d' Q  主动      被动      90%(后置定语,状)
/ D$ h( w% u5 O: U6 F  进行      完成      10%(前置定语)
9 m4 P$ f4 j3 a! F  ┗┏┃    动作      状态      不考% }4 f$ [3 K! I0 t7 ~
  ┏ a retired general
1 O3 l9 B0 N& Y' y  ┗ a retirign general 错
# u. l8 Z5 s2 l1 M! @, @) _) ]  ┏ a fallen fruit 在地下
. a/ N2 c# J! i. L3 E0 X. r  ┗ a falling fruit    正在掉
) u! N, K$ p+ k$ G/ b( g- V, {  二、现在分词与过去分词的用法: E$ M, f  L! G* q+ {
  1. 用于名词后作后置定语,等同于定语从句,只考虑主被动+ _1 {+ c0 k) W2 J; A$ n5 c" L
  Indians who lived in
6 V$ f, e) |+ F: S. G; ^! l- S) g2 D  ~~~~~~~~~~~~=living
; L1 J* b6 c% D3 c' G  分词=从句  S) K0 B' @% ^+ K; P3 f/ r
  2. 用于句首,句末作状语,只考虑主被动
% B, m; L6 @! A4 @  非此即彼 ┏included in/by7 ]- E3 c" z: i8 O- W' X$ Y# C
  ┗including 分,prep" |6 R7 Z6 b" j( E
  ┏involved in' S; ^7 _# x3 D* l% n
  ┗involving
0 m$ {) r  `% u: Z2 Q; E  3. 常考的接doing的词
+ ]8 v- O0 @  L8 d  s# r  enjoy , finish, celebrate, suggest, advocate, forgive,2 K9 ^2 p% c& f  g# o- ]* }  H
  mind, avoid, escape, tolerate, delay, quit% a% a+ Y, c- g# @0 @
  spend ... (in) doing
" y% c  s2 j& e$ r( q  have difficulty/trouble/a problem/a hard time (in) doing
5 F  k* H6 D* }4 H7 W  三、动词不定式的省略用法
; T) ~) |1 i& y6 p9 _$ g: {  1. ┏help to do = help do 可省可不省4 w- Z8 a8 \+ u9 r4 g( w
  ┗help sb to do = help sb do8 |4 M. R( o% e: m9 H( {  a/ ]
  2. 使役动词必省to
" B: k5 I# O- H# J6 c8 a( P" S6 ^: U% t  let sb do ; make sb do; have sb do ; bid sb do. Y6 ~2 p1 s; i* f6 u- S
  have sth done
; M0 N0 P6 ^9 {& x  3. 关于感观动词
$ @' w: ?7 c! |  see, hear, notice, feel, watch
6 x# d1 n& G  D& U' T7 N  必须省to
* v$ h1 w. {5 K8 U  ┏see sb do 看见整个过程) V4 i. `6 Q# V8 D
  ┗see sb doing  看见动作正在进行7 c6 K8 H& l# V" g2 w
  改被动后to 要加回来
. `) l- n9 Q  Y2 O' e% B8 R  ┏be seen to do
# `' B+ c- N- o9 n( [5 F  ┗be seen doing
( V3 @9 e4 A9 m" N! H# H2 q; L4 W7 Q0 }  四、动词不定式的固定用法8 d* e9 M7 r; I
  1. 第一“人”
' C, T/ W7 n& r1 t& r$ [3 o0 `; M  the first (sb) to do
0 }; ?  {- C# N  2. 表“迫使”的动词% z: x& U7 Y% D  A
  allow sb to do allow sth2 [: S; K/ `) S% j
  permit sb to do permit sth
( o6 V" e. e% p" C8 ^/ Q# q$ d  enable sb to do enable sth
$ {- o) R; L3 Y4 Z6 H  cause sb to do cause sth
7 Y) V1 A5 _; M* ?2 E: h  force sb to do force sth! V+ n% F+ A% e2 T$ N4 S
  3. 表“倾向”的adj./V
# w1 |7 Y7 z# |+ h  tend to do# J. j% A+ @2 m1 n, D0 E/ U
  attemp to do/ y, `$ N7 X4 m" u9 d; ^
  be (more) likely to do8 n7 w% ^. P) V
  that + 句子: w8 l9 |/ q" Q& X( A' X: n
  be inclined to do5 k; O5 c& X# E- t
  be apt to do+ d8 Q/ I8 [4 C1 Z
  be liable to do2 Z5 b' U' P4 [
  4. 表“目的”的名词
  X1 j3 V8 Z  l' z+ d  The function + of sth. + is to do sth.# q2 O  @/ O: N& O
  function, goal, purpose, aim, objective, reason, intention0 k$ @) s& R, P: Y( a/ \
  5.与接不定式的V或adj. 同词根的名词也接不定式$ ^9 d) D) _9 k; i5 f& ~
  be able to do -> ability to do" ~- e: r9 e" k3 X
  enable sb to do
( \: T% y5 ^6 W& P4 I  decide to do -> decision to do
9 @$ g. @- H. m5 o' p  be ambitious to do -> ambition to do3 ^0 H* c1 L" [2 K
  try to do -> make great efforts to do1 ?% T+ {0 B5 i1 b
  attempt(v.) to do -> attempt(n.) to do/ \# H- y9 Q* P
  五、动词不定式的其它形式
. g2 R0 d3 Q; E& i1 f0 v! e  1. 动词不定式的将来式
, n5 `* M/ v" v# ^5 \* M  主动:be to do
  ]3 n: ]" Y0 i( F  被动:be to be done  _4 a3 P2 D* |) b% p7 H) a
  表示预计要发生或按计划要发生的事情, u% L7 I( l0 t& f- u% F8 g/ g
  China is to be one of the most important contries in the world.
- b$ p* J4 t0 f7 R  被动式与过去分词的区别
6 [$ t: o+ Y0 g- `  the surfaces to be glued
, o  D( L- P" B8 e+ F: }" [  the surfaces glued
2 g& f( h8 A8 X+ F1 \& q: _  2. 动词不定式的完成时
" }  a# ~4 o: A' r  主动  to have done& @+ |5 C! o; \9 i* ]
  被动  to have been done2 v% a+ C6 z2 `& r; o5 z
  表示不定式的动作发生在谓语之前
' h9 j/ @/ t* ?# |  I’m glad to have seen your son yesterday.
4 y& f8 O8 d! d3 Q7 S  z7 c  3. 某些adj. 后主动表被动
3 G! Z3 r! _2 l  This plas is difficult to come out' }8 G  ~8 y) F7 ]8 Q
  easy- U/ X+ [8 z5 W/ |) a7 a/ i  {, \
  hard
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