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[托福语法] 2010年新托福语法笔记:改错非谓语动词

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发表于 2012-8-14 23:32:39 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
一、现分与过分的区别
8 n7 A, G9 }6 f$ y0 @- O  现分      过分      考与不考备注
  A0 ?8 v8 N/ u7 ~  -------------------------$ E: z; |0 x' B. ]( j7 V2 B6 D
  主动      被动      90%(后置定语,状)
# u# a8 n% L! X  进行      完成      10%(前置定语)0 D* o# S4 g! e2 _$ I' d1 d
  ┗┏┃    动作      状态      不考! A5 C% e7 u1 P% `8 D' U( f. f
  ┏ a retired general, @9 J; n6 B  Y0 T8 K' R
  ┗ a retirign general 错
- a' D6 F2 b; c4 r) u9 g3 b  ┏ a fallen fruit 在地下
+ m+ {, u8 G8 r- t& [8 p  ┗ a falling fruit    正在掉. `6 Y4 ~7 E$ d# E! D% f5 I) B3 f: x
  二、现在分词与过去分词的用法: n2 M: n5 h) f# D- N
  1. 用于名词后作后置定语,等同于定语从句,只考虑主被动
2 z* U4 T9 j0 u3 M9 n0 m9 s  Indians who lived in
4 `$ j( _) A& B+ E1 C: E7 E0 L  ~~~~~~~~~~~~=living/ k' [/ E* _1 K$ ~) M- i3 ~: W0 j
  分词=从句% E' G3 Z- D* y% m* g$ M
  2. 用于句首,句末作状语,只考虑主被动7 ?3 D4 [: W) l3 H& Q5 S% o
  非此即彼 ┏included in/by& u  A5 K  \9 P+ h! p/ [
  ┗including 分,prep
/ s# s4 m( n" L- G- V/ R  ┏involved in
$ P: r% n: L- ?+ K  f3 ?: T  ┗involving+ N6 Q0 Q+ z: ?) t
  3. 常考的接doing的词: L/ C0 t( \, E2 p$ T! ?
  enjoy , finish, celebrate, suggest, advocate, forgive,
2 o5 l0 z% b9 r" d  mind, avoid, escape, tolerate, delay, quit
2 p& \7 e& C8 Q; P" }9 L  spend ... (in) doing
/ k7 G  b  N% L1 h4 ?$ d  have difficulty/trouble/a problem/a hard time (in) doing% J- b# R/ |/ R- v' H; I
  三、动词不定式的省略用法
9 Y, ]+ C: f4 W" ]3 @9 z2 Z7 b  1. ┏help to do = help do 可省可不省* ^* r4 {2 T) B
  ┗help sb to do = help sb do: d9 |) @% G# D. s3 P" A' S
  2. 使役动词必省to, I. H1 o% z3 j1 J+ F# a$ a
  let sb do ; make sb do; have sb do ; bid sb do
* b) ]* s; E' q2 r) `: m; x. a  have sth done
" J: y+ N: c0 k8 T1 K7 _  3. 关于感观动词
/ k. m( [7 h) ~! m  see, hear, notice, feel, watch
) O$ Q% ?# _" S4 Y  必须省to! K. w" S4 R' U4 c' [
  ┏see sb do 看见整个过程
4 T; J3 I# F9 |/ k6 T  ┗see sb doing  看见动作正在进行
* s7 j. k: `! G  V# ^  v+ m1 f6 o  改被动后to 要加回来$ C/ U3 ?6 u' J+ H6 H
  ┏be seen to do
% P. Z& @3 O4 D0 Z6 i! j: h- }  ┗be seen doing
2 T+ U7 w  Y( K$ T  四、动词不定式的固定用法/ g6 l6 w8 R* g: v! _
  1. 第一“人”
3 H# A# O" g+ J* G1 m  the first (sb) to do
( X- c: f2 `, ~+ D  _! Y  2. 表“迫使”的动词
3 m# S- x5 y! k" B$ t( a5 c- U  allow sb to do allow sth
6 z1 B, [3 k8 v8 w0 x/ `9 W9 N. R  permit sb to do permit sth0 ^+ X& X8 @* w
  enable sb to do enable sth" W  [7 c0 r* B1 q# o! K
  cause sb to do cause sth  d7 N6 J6 P- j4 `  @5 i
  force sb to do force sth
/ H$ w  M9 Z, E8 L9 U/ w  3. 表“倾向”的adj./V
5 v0 i8 f2 ^7 y/ i  tend to do
. F' v9 W% [  F5 m  attemp to do3 l- v+ M! Z/ P
  be (more) likely to do
5 Q% f6 R7 ?% X  g# C  that + 句子& C6 ^+ z- `, \
  be inclined to do  X8 p" y; w  G, b
  be apt to do+ m0 T1 o: C9 c9 h4 w
  be liable to do; ~" m  J" i8 N: ^
  4. 表“目的”的名词8 Y- O7 \# y- r1 k0 b2 i; j
  The function + of sth. + is to do sth.0 u2 Q$ X. g# b9 {2 x
  function, goal, purpose, aim, objective, reason, intention
3 h+ g2 ~$ D$ C5 e3 w  5.与接不定式的V或adj. 同词根的名词也接不定式' j% ~, K/ k  Y8 o5 Q, f
  be able to do -> ability to do
5 [2 t' H, G" @5 j) _, A5 K" [. S  enable sb to do: `1 [3 b3 {) K( }- N7 l- L
  decide to do -> decision to do) C! v1 Q7 D  a, X# @
  be ambitious to do -> ambition to do
: i8 J7 z# ?- r3 b4 N  try to do -> make great efforts to do8 Q( v: u$ [) U* F
  attempt(v.) to do -> attempt(n.) to do0 M3 v  n9 w4 o$ M
  五、动词不定式的其它形式
$ c2 c' i2 J6 S6 r  1. 动词不定式的将来式- D9 X7 l& H9 X+ z+ L, a6 H
  主动:be to do
& g; ~9 r3 J! R5 C2 n  被动:be to be done
, i* l4 Z# `/ b  表示预计要发生或按计划要发生的事情8 h. e6 E& h# l6 M
  China is to be one of the most important contries in the world.# X4 Z: k/ u* B$ |2 c1 G& ^- p6 B( B
  被动式与过去分词的区别2 C. U' O3 d& J" }, i! H: k0 \
  the surfaces to be glued3 Z/ U' Y! W7 h, m
  the surfaces glued; J/ _+ w) c, f  b
  2. 动词不定式的完成时
8 T, {) H& o. h9 K* j  O) Q  主动  to have done
) f6 u( D* ?, r/ C8 i  被动  to have been done  C, B3 Z- J! l9 H% A' M
  表示不定式的动作发生在谓语之前! _5 C. u  _( e
  I’m glad to have seen your son yesterday.( b& W$ B) o  S+ G4 L' g
  3. 某些adj. 后主动表被动9 o8 C9 ?- }  T" B
  This plas is difficult to come out! J5 S9 C# Y  z! B
  easy6 M$ ]5 ~+ }# _9 n7 |  v
  hard
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