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[托福语法] 2010年新托福语法笔记:改错词性混用

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发表于 2012-8-14 23:32:39 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
一、作表语:形容词和副词的混用
! l$ u# Z/ O/ v! Z$ j0 s* P6 {  1. be + adv. -> be + adj.9 W1 W" v5 e9 [" ^* I* M
  eg: be rarly -> be rare! |: ?0 ?! Z( z' t
  2. be + noun. + prep -> be + adj. +prep8 l& r5 G" z+ ?" W8 @1 B
  eg: be value for -> be valuable for
) H$ E6 L3 B  o: \+ g  be fame for -> be famous for; |1 N6 B4 j8 v2 Z' n+ _
  3. be origin based on 错 表语唯一6 Z, G; k& u& T6 M) a( T
  be forcibily 错
2 `2 t( E  [. [9 M! @  A  be completely enclosed 对
- D8 M" N/ i: l  be originally a poem 对2 {0 |2 {# Q( Z: t4 h
  be typicaly concerned with 对# N/ ~0 B: S- Q8 T: n( p
  be generally with 对
7 U; }- K' z) |8 `5 N  ┏数+noun.3 g: V. `) m( ?5 s; D7 V3 p9 ?7 U
  be + noun./adj./分词 +┃adj.
. j/ `9 W7 E8 N2 _* X. \3 U  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ┗分词短语) E- Z; Z% e9 N/ t. e7 J( q
  ┗>adv.
- z% h( C6 r" R1 `  二、作宾语时,名词和动名词的混用/ Z( Z  ?4 r/ e1 _+ O. F5 D  D
  *原则:名词比动名词优先9 ]7 }0 }' p; t1 p. [& F
  from their kinding 错) f2 m, H" K) {# ~
  food supplying       错
" @% t3 b& r9 U$ l5 ]8 a% @  区别:名词作宾语,后面不可接名词# c" w' b+ ]% B" z$ c$ F! C+ `
  动名词作宾语,后面可接名词- X% s! U; u  p* Q( z. j0 Y
  动名词前可加the:the making of any work of art$ M5 A$ K1 |6 j3 ^) C  s& G  c
  动名词前加the 后变化为一个纯粹的名词,不可再加名词了
  e9 K* g1 U+ a6 T' W6 z& a  三、状语从句引导词与近义介词/adv.的混用
8 b# v- ?) t& l" w! a  1. when, while/during, in
4 e" Y( Z, ~5 z8 q) B  * when, while+ noun. 永远错; q% M% }+ d9 ^2 y5 ?! I
  during + 句子 永远错' E& }" n8 l% M+ i0 }7 g2 {4 ~
  2. although/despite$ n3 B, o% ~, q: I  n  ]
  despite + 句子 永远错
. O8 v7 D' s& ?' D* `6 F: `& Z4 ?" V  despite the fact that 对: V; t2 i+ o; I
  3. even though/even5 V% H, `& V& ]: {2 a% z5 U- w4 m7 m6 [
  前者为连词,后者为副词* I( U7 i, E0 ]/ M1 d1 s
  even + 句子 永远错
7 A. l. F  S; Y+ P8 c; L0 z  四、平衡连接词与近义副词的混用3 Y) G3 B# e. B, d! E" y# k
  1. and/also
$ A* I0 l! Y+ T4 U$ Z9 D  前连后副: z& p# T1 ^! n8 @
  V also V 对; R$ V6 [& P" |7 ?0 G, i7 P8 b
  noun. also noun. 错. v1 J' r5 l  Z  i* C; Q  r% d
  2. or / else: d# t1 R. e, b' Q5 u
  前连后副
8 ^; h) ~7 ]& u7 L7 \% q  by scant else by color 错9 }6 I: A  l8 q( r( `  N! j% w
  3. but/instead& u6 [; B1 z# d
  前连后副
% {1 j7 I+ s! p6 x  五、表示人的名词与表示物的同根名词的混用. ?# `. K5 h4 z# p$ ^
  architect -> architectural
4 ^! m/ @0 g! s, K0 |  v! r- Q  inventor -> inventation; X' H9 Z1 T0 t0 G; w) Y( U$ ~
  sculptor -> sculpture
# Z1 q. J+ m5 P" O" F+ B$ m- M  poet -> poem, poetry$ N4 g# {5 {+ ^
  novelist -> novel2 b' O! C  R% |' ]
  educator -> education* H1 _' o# {" ]: q/ n6 b
  settler -> settlement' p. R2 O5 O6 |2 c& u- D
  composer -> composition9 m* U+ H# m- B5 C+ U! ^7 D
  engineer -> engineering
' Q. V3 {2 H9 h. S" w$ k  六、作定语,名词和形容词的混用, P1 _5 {1 j. R' I
  原则:表示同一概念的形容词比名词优先
7 t$ u2 W8 V% I. F. M" \) |  eg: certain 比certainty优先/ h& K2 n  f0 d( I9 U' y' \
  当意义不同时,就无所谓优先
  n- r& ]2 k) @9 t  如: color monitor 彩显7 e, F, |$ \. e8 |# K; P' r' n
  colorful monitor 外观彩色的显示器3 j% U1 `! j# S) r1 B0 e7 Y! u
  colorful effect 多彩的效果* k( x5 Q: o4 U8 |! N, v, D
  color effect 彩色效果% V) b8 `" S  H/ x; q7 P! s
  例外:
- U4 @. {' x% P& f4 {  1. 没有表示同一概念的形容词时,只能用名词修饰+ B7 F9 L5 J6 j7 R
  the city or regional planning# T( g! F0 e& v  v# r
  Beijing city commercial bank6 g) H( g$ o% _2 B" h% M) p
  the state government
% F+ L1 r3 i' ?, |0 U* M, X& k, Q  V4 {  2. noun. + noun. 为特定含义时,不改为adj.
* g. m# v. a+ U8 n' Y5 \+ j/ ~) W  safty glass 防弹玻璃. n, |( P$ z* u; N3 l
  exhibition flights 飞行表演: j; k& r1 z, i: E7 H6 m, _
  color monitor 彩显& o3 {, C: X: ]7 Q0 Y+ J
  3. noun.修饰noun.,表示后一个名词的本质属性,品质,种类时,不改adj.
' f. j# ]3 D9 |) G3 s  ***noun. + noun. 最后选
% s1 H% r' ?9 H1 v0 g; r* x  beauty salon      对' H5 L+ j+ {$ |( d& W  ]7 C
  intelligence test 对4 `) t2 \7 d& `  o" f9 v7 X
  *noun.+noun.在一起   a. 最后选3 c6 P7 u# b# Z
  b. 有无同概念形容词
* q. g7 |& v( y5 p) L' \  c. 看句意
/ A3 a, ^. ]% a  七、作修饰语,形容词和副词的混用
& ^+ P3 y) J) j: a5 t  1. 副词永远不能修饰名词
( Z0 ?, r2 a5 e5 ^  up arms -> upper arms
4 C3 Q; g1 m5 _1 d  G& \. L+ _5 x3 O  注意陷阱:adv. + 同位语' `+ n' t1 m) r; r) O8 \
  * special 永远改 especially
/ U3 ^% k" ?4 E2 J  The common cold, (which is) normally a minor illness, can threaten( n1 M8 `4 b# u( x: g
  the health of patient." G" `5 y2 l6 Y2 J1 o
  2. adj. + adj. + noun.- u. S; r  s. w- z1 G
  依次修饰关系
2 V- X0 J, S+ P1 m  an old red car/ [4 S: D6 P: R
  a frequent pretty girl(??)6 k" [" S) S; \2 e. E
  3. adv. + 数 + noun. ; 数 + adj. + noun. 对
4 _6 k8 e3 X6 N$ _' a  数 + adv. + noun. ; adj. + 数 + noun. 错  ~, m/ i5 d* t0 W
  adv. + 数 + adj. + noun. 对9 [6 {; d3 W2 m  Y' D* ]
  4. ┏ adj." ~1 H6 V) F, r5 `- a  l5 s
  ┃ V1 T3 i/ `4 c2 w) j& n. ]
  adj. + ┃ prep.
  W; E8 _; y& \! ]) e# \. ]  ~~~~ ┃ adv.. i. L$ _4 w* M* b; Q5 L
  ┗>adv. ┃ 分词短语" O4 ~" h) J& T/ B4 ]. b5 H; ]  i5 b
  ┗ 数词
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