一、主谓一致
$ x: t- Y' I( ^. R+ q 1. 主谓的分隔原则
$ X5 v3 N ^% i8 k1 T+ h S, ---,VO
* P# p/ c8 q3 \" T; L; n8 l4 J 主谓之间可以用定从及省略形式的定从分隔! s5 D" {; M# f' C3 T4 a0 Z4 D& n% L
* 主谓一致与主语同位语无关% K7 m5 w* @3 o: _5 t
2. 定语从句中的主谓一致
. ^. u$ {& z5 {8 }" a v, z/ p ...noun.+that/which+V
# y6 _$ s* |! b4 i2 ]# _" Z" v \ * that, which并不反映单复数
* s% ^5 q+ l" L one of 复n + that/which + 复V
( h) u7 U9 _* ]' j" P the only one of 复n + that/which + 单V0 [+ ^5 x0 p: Y, P. c3 r T
3. 随前一致
4 ]7 y& }6 K: G' [# ] together with, as well as, with, including, of! s9 C, ^. o+ a0 r" E! \4 D5 r! c# z
4. 随后一致
% }( C6 P( M0 X( O, w not 单n. but 复n. + 复V
$ }( n! I! l5 r4 s+ D not noly 单n. but also 复n. + 复V* b5 B8 R4 p+ k5 m. a6 }7 i; z
5. 就近一致
3 f \$ f* x W3 }4 z7 t5 t$ W 单n. or 复n.2 _9 {* m" m) H+ j
either 单n. or 复n.
$ g# G: j% G1 o$ K neither 单n. nor 复n.
3 A( _( E; v* V# x$ H6 `, P5 \ is he or we... 对
( j" A) B( B' R+ ]" M2 F" h* S he or we are... 对
* W% u/ f9 `# `7 g' e+ B 6. 可数名词and可数名词+复数动词& f# i# {4 W t9 z
不可数名词and不可数名词+复数动词7 h) q; T3 i% x2 t) s8 s1 l
例外:war and peace is/was
. w' W) `, g- b4 J) f black and white is/was' ^2 B2 X! W$ c- v' b
bread and butter is/was# ?+ t/ [8 h0 T% S
to love and to be loved is/was6 M" }: K, q. b/ Y
7. 百分比结构
3 }( `2 {! A- [; t most, rest, half, majority, some, 50 percent, one percent& l2 T0 j: C4 J
__+of+n.+V 由名词决定动词的单复数+ V @+ k9 o! P
8. 倒装句中的主谓一致
0 x1 L( t7 @8 D* l There be...
- v. a( a k, n( X+ q/ M5 \4 J) ^ between , among 等介词位于句首,即引起倒装
+ M( k( X& \) a1 `8 M Between ...+ be + noun./ X& }1 ?5 n" a, R$ O. _
Among...+ be + noun.7 `# W3 U/ W- S1 U e6 \
主 + 系 + 表% A0 M$ l4 w3 m8 {3 ]8 d( g5 o) x
主系关系要一致,系表关系可以不一致
) }' l; o& H' G0 V 9. The+ adj.1 F* Q1 `% j; ^5 }$ d2 `
a. 表示“一类人”用复数V
* s j- @ L% y! h The rich are ridiculous
1 d: T+ {2 X+ b2 l8 P4 ~) [5 j b. 表示某一抽象概念
6 {) f" p( P% ^/ h' f The good is attractive
! @6 L. [) p8 F# e1 I 10. one of + 复数noun. + 单V
" b# x9 h: H4 p$ z l' f more than one 单数noun. + 单数V" \# O9 c. M; n5 `
many a + 单noun. + 单V
2 _* X% r- X/ s7 H, q, ? | a + 单noun. or + two + 单V: a day or two
# M( c' N! R4 A, i } y news 单数 measles 不可数
: n7 h9 ^) h& L, ^ the series 用is/are从上下文得出
0 w5 }" n, X* X* K二、时态
5 m+ [6 Z* H7 c# ], t, Q 1. in + 过去某一时间,用一般现在时) H4 } n! E9 _& B
2. befort+ 过去年份,用过去完成时( Z# U) i9 z; g2 |* O
3. for/since:
8 O3 N' Z' \& H# L7 k( i! n. C0 R! D for后跟时间段,可用现在完成和一般过去时
. g# B3 B4 x( H7 m8 H since 后跟时间点,只能跟现在完成时) m5 X$ @! s( q2 @
I have been a teacher for 3 years.
0 b, }6 H! i- A" I: v0 Y I have been a teacher since 1996.
9 q- o0 Q' v5 t. y/ A I was a teacher for 3 years.
. `! N2 p. T+ v* D4 o4 j, V) x 4. 自然现象、真理描述用一般现在时( N+ G# t3 ` @1 n! A7 N) Z( L
时态:现在完成时和一般过去时混用
' s5 J3 ?/ @! t( w/ y+ c 一般现在时和一般过去时混用" S+ v# B' |% s! ?" w, Z$ `
三、语态
3 I$ L: V; l0 _' h. l/ k 考主被的混用
$ d S. B9 H. j7 ?8 P7 E/ T 一个证明,二个位于,三个需要,四个情感
& _2 s' G+ g& d6 ~' q 1. 证明:prove(vi) + to be + n./adj.
! v4 r( \( Z* l# [ a! n& [ prove(vt) + sth./that +句子
+ }7 ^2 w$ o7 F# d+ ]' A; b my advice rpoved to be wrong; z' f6 r& o! O
2. 位于:locate永远考被动
) g, J: _2 E7 @) N" H situate 主动:把...放置;确定位置
+ E" h4 o! }5 K( h' ]4 i0 U3 b 被动:位于
8 B0 ^2 z# d& ]. r* T5 [4 |- m6 N 3. 需要:need, want, require8 Q# N Z/ [+ A! y/ p
┏ 情态动词+动原/ t9 b$ m4 f+ Z7 a' z
┃ ┏ doing
5 e# L8 B1 B+ q" { U. { need ┃ 实义动词 ┃ to do ...一般
/ j, p0 e" y0 D) J- ] ┃ ┗ to be done
( V9 W+ ^; o( g2 T6 S ┗ n.词+ L, R0 W4 y9 V
My watch need┏ repairing. 主动表被动
7 ~' S" D( }/ p/ f' K6 `' X ┗ to be repaired.
2 w7 K2 Z: W% ?4 K- O* b require┏ to be done; J( s S- v$ I8 \( z' A- C
want ┗ doing
- j a; E% ~; D/ b8 ^ 4. 情感:please, annoy, surprise, move1 v+ T: f2 a7 o. q& U6 _* `
I am pleased. 主语高兴
7 q: B; E+ N. l" _ The news is pleasing. 令人高兴
|! s8 q& L6 z& o! w- d, o 使...高兴(心烦、惊讶、感动)
" V9 J+ k5 r. _' _0 } J+ h9 @ Franklin is so moved.
- ?1 w; V1 l( A8 H* x% ]& R The story is so moving. |