even if(=even though即便)& b2 N" J/ g, S* f% U& e
请比较下面两个例句:
8 Y3 F. a c. [5 {7 r You must go tomorrow if you are ready.6 Y' C/ e" _' ~: z
如果你准备好了,明天你必须走。
+ x& l0 u5 r: [9 {! a You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
+ K) w6 W+ u9 u- ^) p 哪怕你没有准备好,明天你也得走。
0 W6 Y+ S. M% k7 p% O7 p whether…or(=if…or是否)
' Z* A7 b# h2 _0 f9 I3 ]+ { You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not.( B9 ]7 A+ I) h/ m' Z, f( X
无论你明天是否准备好了,你都必须走。
9 a7 C3 D# e2 F1 T5 L9 \4 T* \9 C unless+肯定动词(=if+否定动词除非)' L( g) X! ?* P: X1 N# Q, z
Unless you start at once you’ll be late.相当于:* N% x" [3 ] T1 J' [. W* |* i
If you don’t start at once you’ll be late.
" P& g6 k" f5 X* ~; V* k" P) U 除非你立即动身,否则你就会迟到。9 \, N/ j" ?% q4 y) q5 K+ B2 U/ S
Unless you had a permit you couldn’t get a job.相当于:( l J* Q; t: x
If you hadn’t a permit you couldn’t get a job.5 G8 M% B t5 q1 ]% q
除非你有执照,否则你就找不到工作。' i7 M3 p# ?- H: X" t$ [
注意下面两个例句间的区别:
4 p; d! \. j' O) o/ x+ e (a) Don’t call ′me if you need help.
& a( v' Q0 `' }& `0 i, s1 ^( X 如果你需要帮助的话,别打电话找我。, H$ A8 |8 u2 w% X# j: q2 b
(b) Don’t call me unless you need help.
. @9 P4 \7 b2 S: Z5 J# B5 ^ 除非你需要帮助否则别打电话找我。
; O6 U3 u, P1 T. z$ E 在例句(a)中,即使在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人也不愿意去帮助对方。在例句(b)中,在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人愿意帮助对方,但说话人不愿意对方在不要紧的时候打电话找自己。
% F3 O* z; k! S: D unless+he’d/you’d like/prefer等通常可用来代替 if he/you wouldn’t like等:* p/ p0 Q9 }' w3 [
I’ll ask Tom,unless you’d prefer me to ask/unless you’d rather I asked Bill.
* `9 A* N5 Y# o' d) y' n) i 我去问汤姆,除非你宁愿叫我去问比尔。
( j% R! |" p* h0 D3 v: E but for(=if it were not for/if it hadn’t been for不然)- _; M1 {4 Q" n8 q1 m" d
My father pays me fees.But for that I wouldn’t be here.
: e. y" K( l# I4 s 我父亲给我一笔补贴费。不然我就不会在这里了。
/ x. v* u8 l, y* e7 C. ]$ ` The car broke down. But for that we would have been in time.9 _1 _; |* m u% ^7 l$ B% a7 [
汽车出毛病了。要不是那个我们会及时赶到的。
, `% H: D! ?2 }- s& e0 [0 Q4 x otherwise(=if this doesn’t happen/didn’t happen/hadn’t happened否则)" t. \* k4 W7 A8 Z0 e
We must be back before midnight; otherwise we’ll be locked out.% I# |/ ]# x7 r& V8 C
我们必须在午夜之前赶回去,否则我们就会被锁在门外。相当于:
6 q' ~1 [% N* v) R; N If we are not back by midnight we’ll be locked out.! [) G1 w3 B9 K) \
如果我们不在午夜之前赶回去,我们就会被锁在门外。
- F& C4 X3 g1 {8 o3 f Her father pays her fees;otherwise she wouldn’t be here.6 c, @; C7 P$ I
她的费用是她的父亲付的,否则她就不会在这里。相当于:' M+ {- u; s4 M5 m
If her father didn’t pay her fees she wouldn’t be here.* p' M# b5 d8 j2 Q5 A4 t, t
要是她的父亲不付她的费用,她就不会在这里了。# e0 ?+ p9 W" F6 _9 n. f
I used my calculator; otherwise I’d have taken longer.6 d. q" a, h; ?, T0 z. j
我用了计算器,不然我花的时间就会更多。相当于:
: B2 `+ X) z6 m$ q! | If I hadn’t used my calculator I’d have taken longer.
5 \# ]5 [: y( j' h 要是我没用计算器,我花的时间就会更多。
, t! p/ u8 Y! [7 O0 f- P& L 在日常英语中 or(+else)可以代替 otherwise:
8 E- |* Y" V# w4 o$ ` We must be early or(else) we won’t get a seat.
. d& I; P- \8 B2 N0 b 我们必须早去,否则就不会有座位了。
7 t$ f: j9 t( v6 x 存在强烈的限制或约束的意思时,provided(that)可以代替if。它主要用来表示允许:
# s) v1 [+ c6 Z( E You can camp here provided you leave no mess.+ k' j9 A( y6 z3 |0 h1 G
你们如果保持整洁的话,可以在这里宿营。- W2 B2 R6 ], `+ K6 {
suppose/supposing…?(=what if…?假如)8 Y: i# P; [ Y$ U/ G
Suppose the plane is late?相当于:+ E2 ?- x% \* @$ G4 D8 p
What if/What will happen if the plane is late?
! v' J/ @/ V2 [1 f3 _6 H 假如飞机误点的话,将会出现什么情况? e( U0 j+ a: p! e2 {
Suppose no one had been there?相当于:
9 h. _; h3 K8 u4 p# b" P What if no one had been there?! j+ J3 ]8 G6 r+ [) H
假如没有人去过那里的话,会怎么样? i, o* s" J& K, n5 R& O4 j
suppose也可以引出建议:
1 x9 x7 G, i% Z9 k# M Suppose you ask him?/Why don’t you ask him?+ [) q1 J0 a5 l: m
假如你问一问他呢?/你为什么不问一问他呢? |