even if(=even though即便)
4 i1 e/ p; R9 M. k, _4 F 请比较下面两个例句:+ H$ F. v: `' m. J; _( [
You must go tomorrow if you are ready.9 S; F l R5 R5 ~& c
如果你准备好了,明天你必须走。
: p3 `2 g. s- L! ^9 W You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
3 o* |+ z5 Y. S1 J/ v7 W 哪怕你没有准备好,明天你也得走。
) N" l! }6 j/ s& K6 u7 b whether…or(=if…or是否)
- O4 t) j4 E- W( {. `( c c You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not.* Z) M% c+ u8 h# A
无论你明天是否准备好了,你都必须走。! m% P! N6 @5 n0 }
unless+肯定动词(=if+否定动词除非)9 G( t, X4 E5 g3 D
Unless you start at once you’ll be late.相当于:
+ l( | w5 F) z If you don’t start at once you’ll be late.
- _. N4 i9 p' K% U 除非你立即动身,否则你就会迟到。/ h' c( ^$ f5 q! V
Unless you had a permit you couldn’t get a job.相当于:) F& s v, |3 C; p3 }3 [' c3 n
If you hadn’t a permit you couldn’t get a job.& S' ~* c9 b2 x. a$ m% i' D3 X
除非你有执照,否则你就找不到工作。
5 a$ o1 ^: X& i' g& g, A" }: t# p+ c 注意下面两个例句间的区别:3 K$ g5 w1 \2 k3 }
(a) Don’t call ′me if you need help.2 m3 u m! |: P: l* G J5 o# j
如果你需要帮助的话,别打电话找我。/ S6 A9 O! S/ J: X3 o* R
(b) Don’t call me unless you need help.
5 T: r% w! V2 U1 o, a! W% j 除非你需要帮助否则别打电话找我。
* X: Q$ ~1 h; D/ y, G 在例句(a)中,即使在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人也不愿意去帮助对方。在例句(b)中,在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人愿意帮助对方,但说话人不愿意对方在不要紧的时候打电话找自己。0 p( P. ?/ G2 f G5 P
unless+he’d/you’d like/prefer等通常可用来代替 if he/you wouldn’t like等:
; z# h h' D O2 @ I’ll ask Tom,unless you’d prefer me to ask/unless you’d rather I asked Bill.) [9 F1 m, z# w! @
我去问汤姆,除非你宁愿叫我去问比尔。; B+ Z* }* u! W7 `# U' G
but for(=if it were not for/if it hadn’t been for不然)' C- [% {. g9 T5 |
My father pays me fees.But for that I wouldn’t be here.
4 z# I) m: _1 z7 j7 R% l/ y 我父亲给我一笔补贴费。不然我就不会在这里了。
: q2 t3 o7 g6 N# F% m The car broke down. But for that we would have been in time.
' w( M/ [- U; j: ~& @ 汽车出毛病了。要不是那个我们会及时赶到的。
" ^' Q7 c3 `: D" C) W3 m1 b otherwise(=if this doesn’t happen/didn’t happen/hadn’t happened否则)- I R& \) n3 L3 ^+ c
We must be back before midnight; otherwise we’ll be locked out.
" f2 Y+ R1 b6 G& j6 f 我们必须在午夜之前赶回去,否则我们就会被锁在门外。相当于:
$ O% a0 }7 g5 G+ r If we are not back by midnight we’ll be locked out./ w. q" t; t6 |+ b; H: Q( u# l
如果我们不在午夜之前赶回去,我们就会被锁在门外。
) t+ F* o* I7 G$ w w! \5 b' k Her father pays her fees;otherwise she wouldn’t be here.
6 i# I8 {0 l R8 f, q 她的费用是她的父亲付的,否则她就不会在这里。相当于:
; h; w/ \! C4 b7 l/ X, _ If her father didn’t pay her fees she wouldn’t be here.
( M% r+ u) J3 ^" f: v/ b' ~ 要是她的父亲不付她的费用,她就不会在这里了。
5 R' g% F, e/ C I used my calculator; otherwise I’d have taken longer.+ o4 y" b- q, t& J% x
我用了计算器,不然我花的时间就会更多。相当于:
' Y- a: U, q* h+ V If I hadn’t used my calculator I’d have taken longer.9 B3 A5 D+ @" O9 l c0 ?) u
要是我没用计算器,我花的时间就会更多。
! p. w: U, g3 @ 在日常英语中 or(+else)可以代替 otherwise:# x# t' ^" j% D3 [! i( s
We must be early or(else) we won’t get a seat.- ^, S' ~# w& R) w9 u& ^
我们必须早去,否则就不会有座位了。
- M/ g' y7 L7 a/ H 存在强烈的限制或约束的意思时,provided(that)可以代替if。它主要用来表示允许:
* f, I, f Y: x% M' @# U" e You can camp here provided you leave no mess.
$ s% z( @; e( h: A' Y, s/ O$ G+ l 你们如果保持整洁的话,可以在这里宿营。
5 U, {# s3 }0 E, t" {" [1 N# L suppose/supposing…?(=what if…?假如)2 C7 Y. a* c# K, J6 H, ?
Suppose the plane is late?相当于:8 R3 x3 Z" a1 e+ N+ `8 |
What if/What will happen if the plane is late?
, N7 Q9 r) X; C. q# h) F 假如飞机误点的话,将会出现什么情况?
8 O3 U- n! G/ i" \$ c9 f Suppose no one had been there?相当于:) A. B3 N* g f( k
What if no one had been there?
1 F, R4 P1 l8 v# e! C6 x, q/ |/ A 假如没有人去过那里的话,会怎么样?3 X. r9 W( Q, I/ A2 ?( L: G
suppose也可以引出建议:
' P7 {( O+ t6 Z' m- X Suppose you ask him?/Why don’t you ask him?" X. Z6 p3 r3 v! f$ ~0 v/ w; U% ?6 J
假如你问一问他呢?/你为什么不问一问他呢? |