复合句是TOEEL考题的基本句子结构,因而连接主句和从句的连接词就成为重要的命题焦点。TOEEL常考的从属连词分三类:(1)关系代词( that, which ,what who. Whose) (2) 关系副词(where when why how) (3) 状语从句连接词 (where, when, if, though, because…) 有关从属连词的试题大部分集中在Structure (1-15题中) 掌握命题规律,这类题目并不复杂。从属连词常考题型及解题要点4 t; x7 `# _% A* N7 g+ @
1. 主句与从句之间必须有从属连词: B' ]7 C- X& o$ M
全真例题分析
. f; u( i: l( C/ ~5 H C' x- j (1)The spiral threads of a spider*s web have a sticky substance on them ------- insects." j: p" f; F5 N
(A) traps' l) K% `3 c& t! q3 b/ I
(B) trap its
* D$ ~( y: g# M5 D4 ^ (C) which traps& S, }* H% e$ D$ C0 ~
(D) which it traps (92.1)
' G2 S! z# c; a4 k& O2 ~ l) P4 M [答案] C 定语从句关系代词which引导从句,且在从句中作主语。
2 e$ E9 D" a. G) |$ }! d (2)Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found ------- higher plants can survive.
- |" G) \( T4 U$ R3 M! u; W3 u (A) there0 \& \- Z* w3 j7 ]' W4 q: z
(B) wherever
6 i" ?$ W3 F4 X! s: i' p (C) somewhere
. K& p+ Q* r |6 E, h (D) then (92.5)
' e# ^! h! D! F2 ?. P$ G! q [答案] B 空格前后为两个完整的句子,这里应填入连接词联系主从两句。四个选择只有wherever是连词,引导地点状语从句。- C1 {% y, T7 Y' P1 P
(3)Duke Wellington was a composer. Conductor, and pianist ------ ranked as one of the greatest of all jazz figures.
" r+ Q4 |8 I" [9 F/ s4 m. m. X (A) him9 q5 T4 b5 _+ h1 v% N- C1 H
(B) although
6 b1 B# C& u* D$ M! ]. X (C) or' h$ x) x, Q( ^) a p p
(D) who (92.10)+ e" _+ h7 T; G% f+ f
[答案] D 关系代词who引导定语从句,并作从句的主语。- I* m* W: i, [8 ?# j* p( [
(4)-------. Some of the Earth*s interior heat escapes to the surface.
, B, m" M7 x+ k7 D( M& A* ` (A) A volcano erupts
# l& k- {8 d- G7 i Y) ~ (B) A volcano whether erupts, v: V9 V. n' s% z, z+ S$ I
(C) A volcano erupts it
: `* G. p" p$ P7 } (D) If a volcano erupts (93.5)
/ V) ], ^$ z6 e8 v+ x [答案] D 从属连词引导条件状语从句。
' W7 f; B% m+ Q, h4 x4 N) N1 C 2. 关系代词 who与which混淆错用- E" m: f4 O, ]+ k* g7 ^! n+ H
解题要点:在written Expression (16-40题)中的四个选择答案中出现who 或者which,应确认它所指代的是人还是物。
# v; ~9 Y3 d8 i- C- p( C5 H 全直例题分析4 @* e5 T2 @0 u1 I( `$ Q
(1)Fossil remains indicate that squidlike creatures called belemnites swam in the sea who covered the North American continent 70 million years ago. (94.5)' K5 y* v: v3 z+ q5 A
[答案] C 关系代词who指代的是sea,因此应用指物的which或that。& `# d z- r' u A
(2)Vaccines for some rare diseases are given only to persons which risk exposure to the disease. (93.1)
4 s) P4 Q* q) o3 f9 h7 ], `# N# r7 O [答案] B 关系代词which指代前面的persons,应改为人称关系代词who。5 _' r7 r4 F. r! |0 H9 I( w/ |6 b
(3)Anne Elizabeth McDowell is best remembered for a weekly journal, the Woman*s Advocate, who she launched in January 1855. (91.8). Z( o4 ~7 d6 z7 @5 `
[答案] D 关系代词who指代杂志the woman*s Advocate,故应改为which。
, n' D, `4 V3 }& ]* z, a (4) The attorney general of the United States advises the President on any questions of law who may arise in the conduct of administrative affairs. (90.10)
; `" L9 f1 V) a( f# P, W( m% A [答案] B 关系代词who指代前文的questions of law,故应改为which或that。6 D* n& t8 t5 b. j2 n
3. 介词+关系代词which结构) F, X1 G8 V( U% K- u# a5 ]
解题要点 介词+which作用相当于一个关系副词,在从句作状语。可表示时间(=when) ,地点(= where) ,原因(=why)等等。
# V6 Q M- X5 c4 A* X. L; { 全真例题分析
3 b3 W" q) C4 L0 x: _+ y+ q (1) In reorganizing the curriculum of Mt. Holyoke College in the late 1800*s Elizabeth Mead laid the foundation ------- the modern college rests.
3 x# n8 G) J" f8 R" d- h. Z0 f9 k (A) is which$ z& M+ H& D3 Q3 A7 P7 s0 X
(B) on which
$ U/ \* w2 o: m) ~3 J1 `' P& E (C) which is on- h8 t; c* U4 u' t- J" h: J
(D) on it (91.1)0 }* ^: v5 j& S8 c+ k
[答案] B on which 指代on the foundation ,作用相当于一个表示地点的关系副词。
5 k4 n# b- M$ S- v/ O (2) A circuit may be defined as a closed path ------- electricity can How.
]( s1 Y2 T6 \5 M7 m0 [. W (A) through it) ^# @; N! w( k
(B) through which4 S7 K, D6 B7 w$ a3 H# V; m1 c
(C) that is through
; O1 [0 Q& w1 i# g (D) there goes through (93.3)
" ]8 t" \3 S' V: W7 Y3 i [答案] B through which 指代through the circuit, 作用相当于一个关系副词,而介词through才能准确地表达句子的含义。
( |6 V$ k, a$ C" R (3) The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds on animals depends on the soil ------- the plants grow.
0 E/ R9 L4 N/ L \' q- [$ i (A) which( n/ k8 q( Q$ }
(B) which in9 z( l* b; x, A0 ?% \9 x Y
(C) in which$ X8 @& w& @) @5 f0 m7 L
(D) in (90.5)
4 U3 u4 ?$ n9 V0 o, R [答案] C in which = where
/ K' d, \+ H+ H (4) Adhesives, such as glue, tape and gum, vary with the purpose ------- intended.
$ x) f$ y3 Q1 q; Y- M) R (A) they were for
2 N3 X4 i& B% M" ?& ~9 s (B) for they were
! s2 H! U$ }* g( W& w9 j: H" c (C) which were they* \ Z% m3 ]* q- Q$ a
(D) for which they were (93.10)+ z+ I/ r" Y6 C' A5 t4 a- `
[答案] D for which指代for the purpose。
9 k; t. M7 [2 p. U( O 4. What 引导的名词性从句( V( n% [. E$ K4 l
解题要点:what兼先行词和关系代词双重身份,即what = the thing (things) that…。因此考生应特别注意,what既已包含先行词在内,它的前面就不应该再出现先行中心名词。What 与that 的区分是TOEEL常考题目
5 E: M) V& V, u1 @3 N/ a+ L 全真例题分析7 f9 T# {! j% c
(1) During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became ------- is now Indiana and Ohio.
- ^ [; A' P1 [+ e( A* y" I, t (A) there
8 o3 `" P$ {6 Y) l/ Z x2 | (B) where
0 B6 K" O3 C1 d( y* l$ e4 |# D (C) that
+ M; @ h: b7 V9 x (D) what (93.5)
' B) m! p$ M9 A6 u3 G D6 O. \' d# D8 L [答案] D what = the area that。What所指代的是地点、位置。然而,此句却不可选择(B)where。因为关系副词where不能作从句的主语。只有what即是先行词又是关系代词。2 l# M8 | B1 k) Y
(2) The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on ------- best in its climate and soil.
. f/ Y7 P/ ]# x" P5 E4 t* R (A) it grows
0 m/ m2 }. Q% q, a: `- N* } (B) what grows
" t. c( O& F: z) E (C) does it grow
) r4 F: d2 s8 W: i/ f6 X (D) what does grow (90.1)5 }, G3 r7 O1 S
[答案] B what grows = the thing that grows…另请注意:介词后面通常不能接that引导的从句,但可接what引导的名词性从句。8 n: e+ ?: }" [& ~
(3) A hinge joint is ------- permits the forward and backward movement of a door.9 @ E% F9 k2 k8 C0 K1 n W
(A) the+ `8 x4 z# u5 L3 K; S& i/ T' W: U
(B) what4 P- ]2 a X% q
(C) those! i1 }" u( Y" K o: X
(D) whose (88.10)
9 }% g' M; [: M- V; {0 T3 ?" I [答案] B what = the thing that…8 _% L+ p9 m2 n; e6 J0 g
(4) Essentially, a theory is an abstract. Symbolic representation of ------- reality.$ z9 z" E/ }! W+ q' p% J
(A) what it is conceived
' k7 p( E7 [1 q3 X I. L$ ? (B) that is conceived. X8 a$ C t6 i# F% w
(C) what is conceived to be
/ n4 a, B: I7 b @( u (D) that is being conceived of (89.5)) E& n* q" v |+ r9 _3 }
[答案] C what = the thing that (is conceived to be…) .答案(A)中的代词it是多余的,因为what本身即已包含了先行词(the thing ) 和关系代词(that) 。答案(B)中的关系代词that引导的从句不可以置于介词的后面。
! u9 S( b- Y2 y, w2 e- D (5) Most of the food what elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks. (93.10
/ v2 s+ C6 r' i, U: t% U$ [ [答案] B what应改为that。此句已含有先行词food,不能再用关系代词what。' t. q; g' R G6 J0 b0 p6 D, k
5. 主句和从句
4 S1 v. ]& P h v& m6 Y7 p 解题要点 主语从句是TOEEL常考而中国考生又较陌生英文文法结构。有关主语从句的命题几乎全部集中在structure (1-15题)中。主语从句的特点是读起来有种头重脚轻的感觉,而且有两个谓语动词。连词That 引导的主语从句应特别留意。因为That 在句中没有任何意义,它只具有引导出主语从句的功能,因而很容易被忽略。( a& D9 S6 o$ c8 u& E
全真例题分析" }6 }" N" T. M; Q1 y4 X; H
(1) ------- xenon could not from chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.: V, q1 R! P+ [' \4 x5 K+ P( z
(A) For9 i4 \- R, T4 D7 v
(B) It was' y* x8 k0 f* Y& c. \8 {
(C) That g! W( W4 F2 s: M9 G
(D) While (91.1)
2 G$ S3 ]/ w: U [答案] C That引导的主语从句。其中第一个谓语动词could from 是从句的谓语,第二个系动was是主句的谓语。8 b9 g$ O4 I, \' K
(2) ------- to space travelers is high acceleration of deceleration forces.9 Q# m% i1 j4 q
(A) Danger can be/ k% }0 J3 G9 G& T. B; p: a' L' l
(B) They can be dangerous
" \! n/ B1 J+ S. ?% f (C) What can be dangerous! K; t: D1 N8 w. E: n) T
(D) While danger (93.1)
7 a; i$ D1 ~8 P; F [答案] C what引导的主语从句。What既是从句的连词,又是从句的主语。: i X3 x) H8 T3 m1 U( ?, y' Z! J3 U
(3) ------- has been a topic of continual geological research.: Y, ?' u0 \0 ?0 }# B' j7 \
(A) Did the continents originate8 X" }4 k! k0 p- |. ^0 H
(B) How did the continents originate
5 @5 H, ]& a( c$ s% p1 u (C) Have the continents originated6 R+ ^/ [. G9 q* \3 x
(D) How the continents originated (91.1). @( t& K+ w$ n3 ]* x7 F3 P2 v
[答案] D How 引导的主语从句。
2 j/ }0 }/ b: \ (4) ------- progress helps to relieve scarcities is a fact accepted by economists./ L- A9 `' u- N) t0 A9 D
(A) Technological U2 G: ]% D( s- q4 G* N+ V
(B) That technological
& V! Q9 k- k: g% P0 i$ U/ q. Q( h (C)Although technological) }2 l4 f3 y2 |$ h. G
(D)There is technological& M t3 b5 d# ?" x4 v
[答案] B. That 引导的主语从句,当连续读到两个谓语动词(e.g. Helps…is),而空格在句首,应首先考虑主语从句。这是主语从句典型的句子结构。 |