托福语法辅导：介词及真题要点解析

会计考友

　　介词是TOEFL试题中比较活较的词性，而且具有一定的难度。中国学生一向对介词感到束手无策，因为英文介词种类繁多且词意多变。不过，TOEFL涉及的有关介词的题目重复性很强，而且有规律可循。只要考生善于总结、记忆，还是可以保证得满分的。介词的题目主要分布在Written Expression(16－40题)中，命题焦点售在中（1）含有介词的固定短语，（2）含有特定含义的介词误用
　　介词常考题型及解题要点
　　1.含有介词的固定短语：短语或词组中的介词不能随意更换或省略
　　全真例题分析
　　（1）Most aquatic animals breathe by means external respiratory organs called gills.
　　(答案)C 正确的短语为by means of,其中的介词of不能省略
　　（2） Speed refers only toward the rate of mution without
' s7 m: i5 z# M4 K$ k) ?1 H　　specifying any direction of motion.(94.8)
　　(答案)A 正确短语形式为refer to
: y! f1 A  V' D/ {2 m　　（3） Historical geology deals about data on the development of the Earth
% M9 a) i# G/ n" w+ C8 `　　gathered from the study of rocks, which are analyzed to determine their age and composition. (93.8)
9 s9 ~# d- M4 ^- y3 g, j　　(答案) A正确短语式式为deal with.
　　（4）The diamond is the only gemstone composed with just one chemical element, carbon.
; W. ]% R( I1 }7 Y　　(答案) A 正确短语形式为。Be composed of
! k- j, @* Z7 Y3 c! E. ^　　（5） Best known for his research in statistical mechanics and meson physics. Chen Ning Yang shared the Nobel Prize in 1957 to another physicist from the United States, Tsung-dao Lee.
* K: u7 h/ `2 C& d$ t0 G( {/ r　　(答案) C 正确的短语搭配为 share.......with
　　（6）The doctrine of eminent domain is based the legal tradition that all real property is subject to the control of the state.
$ Q' b/ ^, d, ?% Z- m8 E　　(答案) A 正确的短语形式为be based on 其中的介词on不能省掉。
/ ^' t7 ^; b! g2 o; ~# ^, R: G% L2 M5 e　　2. 介词用错
/ A% K- a. a5 d' i　　解题要点 介词与后面的名词通常有固定的搭配习惯，或有特定的语意功能，不能随意更换。通常，介词毕有含义，不同的介词会使整个句子表达不同的意思。当A、B、C、D四个选择答案中出现单独划线的介词，应首先考虑它是否使用正确。
$ N' i$ s4 D; i( _: Q' }　　全真例题分析
　　（1）Scientists claim that an individual can function from about three days when totally deprived of sleep.
　　(答案) C from应改用for。表示动作延续的时间应用介词for。
　　（2） Canadian scarlet-clad guards and mounties with horseback are part of the summer scenery in Ottawa.
7 |# J# Z; U: S　　(答案) B with改为on,“骑在马背上”应用介词on表示位置。
　　（3） During eclipses of the Sun, the Ojibwa Indians of North America shot flaming arrows inside the sky to rekindle the light.
* K2 D! B7 h, G* ?　　(答案) C inside改为into,介词into表示的动作性；shot……into the sky。天空无边无沿，不能用介词inside来修饰。
, D$ Z& j& N+ ?& |+ k; N　　（4） Wild elephants are almost continuously waving their trunks. Both up in the air and down aside the ground.
" i( N$ N7 b1 ]& _　　(答案) D aside改为on。On the ground 是固定介宾搭配。Ground 没有边沿，无法用aside来修饰。
　　（5） Recent studies have shown that air into a house often has higher concentrations of contaminants than heavily polluted air outside.
　　(答案) A into改为in。Into强调动作，而in表示的是静止的状态。“房间里面的空气”只能用in来表示。
　　（6） The early use of a complete steel frame for towering buildings appeared in the first skyscraper, built on Chicago in 1883.
　　(答案) D built on 改为built in。城市名前面只能用介词in来修饰。
　　3.介词between和among的区别
2 j: C. o# B' Y9 o* `3 x* A* x　　解题要点 between表示二者之间，among表示三者或更多的整体概念。当A、B、C、D四项选择答案中出现between或者among时，它通常就是此题的命题焦点。
5 I1 J# U0 y# E* |　　全真例题分析
# h) {2 ]. \) r  ]& r% R! L3 Q　　（1） The determination of the path of Mars's orbit in 1609 became the unifying link among the two formerly separate realms of physics and astronomy.
1 M! Z% y  F8 O* A　　(答案) C among改为between
! o' A3 {1 H% x4 h% D　　（2） The Carlsbad caverns, located in New Mexico, rank between the largest underground labyrinths in the world.
0 S$ z3 z3 k$ K+ T6 X# q7 R: A　　(答案) B between改为among。表示多数概念，或范围时应用among。
　　（3） For a long time cotton ranked first bctween Alabama's crops, but today it accounts for only a fraction of the agricultural production.
　　(答案) A between改为among。表示范围时应用among。