2012年托福考试语法辅导：现在分词

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现在分词
9 M* E, f- d- K& z9 o5 s: x　　现在分词和过去分词的主要区别在于：现在分词表主动意义；过去分词表被动意义。
. L9 _9 a! t4 N0 U% e6 k3 b- a9 r+ m　　现在分词较过去分词形式灵活，除部分能接宾语之外，可有被动形式(being done)和完成式(having done, having been done), 当然being done和having been done也可理解成过去分词变形为进行式
- H8 g' C9 H8 d# |& ^　　1. 现在分词作定语
　　现在分词常接在名词之后作定语，经常可与定语从句替换
  T+ }) a0 P* _( _　　如：the man sitting behind me, 相当于：the man who is sitting behind me
　　the kids running about in the garden, 相当于：
　　the kids who are running about in the garden
4 G% `0 c! L7 Z* n. P9 K　　单个的分词作定语可放在被修饰词之前，如：the sleeping baby, a running nose
3 m( {' j' j  b3 m　　改错题中若出现名词之后直接接动词，且之间是主谓关系，但不是句子主谓语，此处必定有错，可改为现在分词作定语
　　例题：
( e) r" p6 D! ]4 K( E; F　　(1)
' A; F. a7 G/ r2 q- t1 i7 K　　The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.
　　应改为：boiling.
3 \4 l0 J6 q; P$ N- J　　解释：沸点的英文表达应该是boiling point. 类似的表达如: boiling water(沸水); boiled表示已完成的状态, 如boiled water意为白开水, 即已沸腾过的水
　　(2)
! R7 X. N  [+ A6 W9 h, [3 Y% r3 ]　　The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms.
# K( _3 C1 ]; F" E　　(A) representing
) D1 I. P, {2 y　　(B) represented
　　(C) are represented
　　(D) they are representing
8 [. d, i; C  D  A6 o0 Q) s　　答案：A
& o% o2 C% H* _: I- _　　解释：空格前是句子的主谓成分，空格处需要marks的定语，C, D可先排除；B是被动式，无法接宾语numbers; 因此A正确，是现在分词作定语
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2. 现在分词作状语
　　分词还可在句中作状语，可放在句首、句中或句尾。现在分词作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的动作/伴随动作或者表示原因。
　　1．现在分词短语可以作时间状语，相当于when, while, as soon as等所引导的从句
; z- d: r$ m8 O8 n　　如：Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying.
　　= When he heard the news, he couldn’t help crying.
2 B3 v( k4 @4 {5 U2 [: T3 r　　2．现在分词短语也可以表示原因，代替由since, as等所引导的从句
3 B2 i, h3 `" a8 F. \, s　　如：Not knowing what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
　　=Since she didn’t know what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
6 _8 z, D0 z1 u/ a7 \　　Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to go to school.
/ s4 \7 O% ?7 a) u　　=As we were so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to go to school.
  Q9 l/ ^0 q  J: J  Z3 V　　3．如果分词表示的动作发生在主句动作之前，那么此时分词就需要用完成形式
. ?+ g: b6 s; y1 J  C　　如：Having finished the work, she went to the park.
, _" c3 A& V  p* ]　　=After she had finished the work, she went to the park.
+ V( A- [/ Q4 S; G' Q* J/ K　　特别注意：分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致
　　如: Seeing from the moutain, the ocean is emrald green.
$ H! T& U7 J  H　　此句是一个错误的句子, 因为根据分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致的原则, seeing的逻辑主语也应该是the ocean, 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的, 应改为Seen from the mountain.
+ O7 Z+ i( \# {0 C+ [　　例题：
　　(1)
　　Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby ---- from freezing.
　　(A) to save the seeds
　　(B) saving the seeds
+ f6 M& r6 k& P0 O9 k: r+ N4 ]　　(C) which saves the seeds
　　(D) the seeds saved
　　答案：B
. X4 M" q' Z2 P) q2 C% t　　解释：thereby一词习惯上接现在分词作句子的结果状语，只有B符合要求