考点二 过去分词
. ~3 C) x: J, ?, f; T" n% i1. 过去分词作定语
* z; e: p. \( ~与现在分词类似，过去分词作定语常可和定语从句替换, 通常表示被动的含义.
: O' O6 m* w4 U$ r: ?9 L# T如：a theory derived from rich experience: P( n: y5 |) T" ^, e7 m/ I' H
= a theory that has been derived from rich experience4 {! T. u& {) U7 G8 O8 f v
a gas composed of four chemical elements
9 N) t0 ]+ @1 z* n% C' R= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements . I& M* [7 I* T
单个分词可放在被修饰词之前，如：distinguished guests, unexpected trouble 8 J/ u4 m$ n2 w, ]1 C
改错题中常考现在分词和过去分词的混用，关键看被修饰词和分词代表的动作是主动还是被动关系。: M9 _' a9 P3 C, f
例如: boiling water (沸腾的水，表示正在沸腾)； boiled water(开水， 表示已经烧开)
! N9 P1 e4 G3 F6 X- i% H+ u2. 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别
" E5 A- V+ ~# T& a有时一个动词词尾分别加上-ing和-ed就构成了一组同源现在分词和过去分词, 这样的例子在英语里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 这些由动词变化而来的分词已经被人们视为形容词了. 但是, 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语时有什么区别呢?1 r5 ^/ z/ _; w I( K
现在分词通常表示某个事物的特性, 通常用来修饰某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等;3 x7 A& U* `0 u. w
过去分词通常表示人的感受或状态, 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦虑的神情)1 m7 K5 @) `% x }4 P
试比较: an interesting boy (一个有趣的男孩 - 让人觉得很有趣)/ J: O0 i- F' M8 `3 X; y5 m. t+ ^
an interested boy (一个产生了兴趣的男孩 8 h( u0 r3 o0 U8 L9 v
同样, 当同源现在分词和过去分词做表语时, 在意思上也存在同样的区别, 如:
& e( i3 F* c6 D# {; HThe results are very disappointing. (结果很让人失望)0 D% \6 k! E1 e! @" A4 [
We are very disappointed at the results. (我们对这样的结果很失望)
6 U9 C# ?$ K' j例题：
7 O$ a* T# T3 f5 _(1) , s3 v" v% w6 h
The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States.
5 L( X9 z; W$ b2 g# L0 d (A) chartered
6 Y9 E8 ?* K9 _/ V4 ~) @ (B) was chartered4 K( }1 M" p7 Q
(C) it was chartered& k, O3 Z. z6 B4 J4 _7 q% X
(D) to be chartered
# E0 g+ |4 l; n& `7 @$ e0 W答案：A 0 u v" x# Z. b
解释：本句主谓结构完整, 缺少的是主语的修饰成分, A构成过去分词短语作定语；B C 的动词结构与原句谓语冲突; D 不定式一般表示即将发生的动作, 与in 1785不符 2 [# Z4 z6 u/ F; C" d% l$ d O
(2)
/ ~9 R0 S! b( t5 l" r3 l. Q A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.* }/ x9 w9 @8 |- v) S+ G% x: |
应改为：fixed0 F, J$ x" W& a1 I7 J
解释：fix是动词，不能修饰名词period, 依句意改为分词fixed, “一段固定时间”
# [% d9 H( F% ?(3) * o5 d8 _1 p T. J) ~+ k
Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons.+ b; x% j3 W# |, c( O' Y
(A) called
# |& I, z% }& F# f (B) to call
# D' E8 Q( s' H$ ^ (C) is called8 R% j0 X! d/ G0 \
(D) call as 3 t' x6 k: D; J4 @% [+ d
答案：A % M Y* X$ G: |% {, ?/ P
解释：此句主谓完整, 句中又无连词, 需填的只可能是非谓语成分, A 是过去分词短语作定语, 等效于which is called, 符合题意. C D 属谓语结构, 与原句谓语冲突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通
" n3 }0 o# ]) L; l7 X5 Q3. 过去分词作状语
# \* S* T& \, `( y- x4 X/ W过去分词也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的状语，常表示事件发生的背景或原因，; J @6 r( d0 d8 Y: ?
如：Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake.
, I: b8 h! O' v E( N) z Defeated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages.4 K) A) h! o5 P
特别注意：分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致. 选择题中, 经常要求考生在分词状语部分填入合适的过去分词或现在分词. 到底选择哪种分词, 考生可以采取这样的作题方法: 首先根据“分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致”的原则确定状语部分的主语, 再判断这个主语和分词是什么关系, 若是主动关系则应该用现在分词, 若是被动关系则要用过去分词. 5 i2 m F) P) i
例题：! @/ D: N+ g7 r
(1) ) W* |. ]% I& [% w( m) r* T
---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States.
/ M6 h& x7 ~0 T9 Z4 F [, z (A) Founded3 I* Y5 o6 e- ?+ K
(B) Founding+ X1 U. j( G: Y
(C) To found
* ?8 [# m& C7 }; J3 O (D) Having founded ; ~ a& O! l8 G, ~
答案：A/ E, @. p$ Z2 A' d
解释：分词部分的逻辑主语也应当是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之间是被动关系, 所以空格处应填入过去分词
9 S4 _9 z9 a) e4 A% D3 c9 Q! D(2) / l, A& ~# ]. W/ F0 t
Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over the next three year.
% D5 P/ D+ v9 f [2 {* M应改为：Almost destroyed& ]/ g9 N' d3 i, l* w% c: y" P
解释：by是被动式的标志词, 动词destroy应用过去分词destroyed, 这样既表被动又构成句子的状语 |
发表于 2012-8-14 23:32:39
