托福考试辅导：语法讲解（28）

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第五章 动词
动词是表达句意的精髓，句子的时态、语态等全依靠动词来体现。
  e0 r  T; l8 q动词可分为实意动词（如：go, do, make）、系动词（如：be, remain, seem）、助动词和情态动词（见第七章）
实意动词又可分为及物动词，即可接宾语的词，如：yield, resist, discover；和不及物动词，即不能直接接宾语的词，如：go, begin, happen。有很多词既是及物动词又是不及物动词，如：drop, grow, fail
4 q, O$ N4 Z1 z( \# ?9 S0 n第一节 不定式
不定式是动词的非谓语形式，它的构成为：to+动词原形，to可视为不定式的标志词，两个动词常用to连接构成不定式。
" M/ y2 h+ D) O1 i, w+ t6 ~" _5 F不定式可以有多种形式，如：主动式（to drink, to see）、被动式（to be continued, to be understood）、完成式（to have completed, to have been adopted）、进行式（to be leaving）等
% w$ d" f8 v5 M$ p$ _2 F不定式在句中常作下列成分：
6 S* e  }  d1 t& i' \/ l+ v考点一 不定式作宾语、主语或表语
  z$ R, q! N: x% q1 J  ?7 n8 M- ^& @; H1. 作宾语：不定式多接在谓语动词后作宾语
; f. p. Q7 ?4 z! ]  s如：He decided to put in a good word for me at the meeting.
5 Q; ^1 D% i: |+ g% h    I didn't expect to hear from you so soon.
! J6 U) B% b3 L* X% T5 D. E, w8 G2 O4 @常用的可接不定式宾语的动词有：decide, expect, determine, offer, forget, remember, want, prefer, wish, hope, continue, begin, attempt, agree, etc.
6 q, M7 s/ P' R4 ]例：Human beings are social animals who usually prefer not to live in physical or psychological isolation.
2. 作主语：不定式短语可作主语
  o% I" z: R$ j' t( b  如：To see is to believe (百闻不如一见)
' R: E) j7 A' Q& d5 w4 s7 p　　　 To work hard should be your major concern.
注意：由于英文不习惯句子主语过长，不定式主语常被形式主语it所代替(详见第十七章)
, Q4 F) C. _  r例如上面第二句可以变为： It should be your major concern to work hard.
又如： It is very nice of you to help me.
1 a' _# N7 C( S% W! I1 E! r                 It is hard for you to carry this heavy box.
  P- g) l, W, d3. 作表语：当句子的主语是purpose, aim, duty, goal, hope, plan, suggestion, idea, intention, problem, mistake, reaction等表示“意图”、“目的”、“功能”等意思的词时，一般由不定式作表语
8 [& y$ Q2 D. e$ }  如：His only purpose in life is to seek truth.
　　　 Our plan was to raise money for the new project.
例题：
(1)
& D$ L- Q/ F, {7 _. D$ M! _' ABefore the invention of the clock, people had to reliable on the celestial bodies to tell time.
应改为：rely.
解释：此处to是构成不定式的标志词, 之后应接动词原形
& m* D% r9 D. p# E: L(2)
Chinese immigrants began ---- to the United States in large numbers in the middle of the nineteenth century.
5 }7 G. ]9 ^  P( |$ T) R+ l( ? (A) come
9 Q2 S5 \4 ?  {' F  M# ^0 r (B) to come
6 X8 j8 O8 i2 e7 Z (C) to have come
% T' |' l( j4 h- n (D) have come
4 R" h% y+ j+ {. w) ~& y  M! _答案：B
- I1 S9 v- v, ~2 v解释：空格处需要began的宾语，可以是动名词或不定式，A, D是动词原形，可先排除；C是不定式的完成式，不符合begin的用法；只有B正确
(3)
" L8 @3 Q# x2 aThe central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help achieve a carefully chosen goal.
5 f$ ~4 c6 v' S/ y/ o应改为：to make
9 `, s/ E/ }9 i# c# H+ X4 e解释：主语purpose决定应用不定式作表语，故改为to make