托福考试辅导：语法讲解（46）

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第二节 状语

句子中除了主谓结构外，还可能包含表示时间、地点、方式等内容的状语，通常由副词、介宾短语来承当。
$ y( a) H- Z3 R9 I- a4 `% A如：At night, I don't go out very often., 此句中at night, very often都是状语
( Z# @- ?. ~6 h3 ]介宾短语作状语是填空题的重要考点，若空格处或空格所在部分之后是完整的主谓句，且两部分之间多以逗号隔开，若选项中无从句结构或分词，此时空格处需填入介宾短语作状语。
/ f+ N" s+ j6 _" \! f, d4 a6 o% E例题：
(1)
( Z' [$ v! ^0 M- W9 I----irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
  (A) Its
  (B) Where its
  (C) Since its
- }1 s+ T$ u7 ~  (D) Because of its
答案：D
解释：此句主干完整, 主语是the use of phenol as a general antiseptic, 谓语是has been largely discontinued, 逗号之前应是状语. A构成名词短语, 与该句主语发生冲突; B、C欲构成从句, 但缺少从句的谓语动词; D恰好构成表示原因的状语, 短语because of 之后常接名词或动名词表原因, 如: He failed the exam because of his carelessness.
(2)
9 F# H% t4 [/ d0 v3 V/ f4 N# ?----a child, sculptor Anne Whitney showed an eager intellect and artistic talent that her parents recognized and encouraged.
(A) Has been
7 k& t( C4 W$ b) s: M- w. T (B) It was while
3 F& Y7 M# j# I3 l* F5 Y; Y8 ]1 m& b (C) She was
( x7 L& H0 a; X (D) As
答案：D
) y2 V  H# j( ]解释：此句主干完整, 主语是sculptor, 谓语动词是showed, 之后是带有定语从句的宾语, 需填入状语. A、B、C 中的has been、was与showed相冲突, 违背谓语唯一原则. 介词词组As a child 相当于When she was a child.
/ P/ O2 W5 N( `$ t. t5 @6 ?9 o/ w# X# }(3)
/ v  K1 v4 l5 G6 P7 P8 C.----, snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting poison.
(A) Contrary to general belief
4 A: ?+ ]' u1 y2 G& j1 c (B) General belief contrary to
9 Q5 P* t! {; a) a6 J (C) Belief contrary to general
" p" E2 `# |% x6 P+ W: t (D) Contrary belief general to
9 K; l/ l3 `$ w% x4 ]* @答案：A
解释：给出部分是完整的句子, 从选项中可见此处缺少状语, be contrary to是固定词组, 表示“与……相反”, 介词to后需接宾语, 只有A符合上述条件