第二节 平行结构
8 `& n2 a) z) r平行结构作为考点的出题率奇高,平均每套题中都有2-4道题目,因此必须引起高度重视。平行结构指的就是并列成分,不难理解和掌握。只要形成对and, or等词的敏感,牢记上面的固定搭配使用的并列连词(both…and, as well as 等),一看到这些词就首先考虑平行结构,无论作填空还是改错都是行之有效的方法。
6 q5 I+ ^1 p/ Q平行结构可能是并列的名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、谓语动词、分词等
/ [- R) N0 |9 ^: S% a/ L例题:( }+ s6 |: |, ?6 p, @
(1) 9 Q' Z/ E; O2 p0 F( v5 S
During most of this century, A. Philip Randolph struggled for Black rights in the United States and becomes an important figure in the labor movement.
3 ]* I+ y' F3 x& W# w' d/ v应改为:became.
. k5 B; g3 E" U% g2 D/ V$ S( }3 ]* o解释:and连接两个并列谓语, 前者是过去时(struggled), 后者应相呼应使用过去式。
+ P" C1 z% h' @! l+ D0 L; Z/ L注意:在同一个时间背景下(本题中是During most of this century ),平行结构连接词所对应的动词必须采取一致的时态 ; U/ E* `5 m7 `" N! E
(2)
2 `2 F! Y* X4 d0 u- v! r {& k6 OClassicism as a doctrine seeks what is universally truth and good.
5 N8 r9 t# f8 A- E- Q1 d应改为:true. ) q; l* `6 I. Z3 ]7 b7 K
解释:and连接两个并列表语, 词性必须相一致, good是形容词, 此处truth也应该用形容词true。; X! S0 L8 G7 S5 @' M* R1 r3 R% k
注意:平行结构连接词所对应的各个连接单位的词性必须相一致,再如例题4 ' e6 v% I l9 w# s3 S! O
(4) 8 A0 j, ?3 u8 X' }! N
It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effective than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one's meaning.
: R) g+ J1 d( m# O应改为:effectively.
, ~! q/ ] N/ z! C6 G解释:句中and连接的是几个修饰动词write的副词, 它们的结构应是平行的. effective是形容词, 无法与simply, directly并列使用
4 }" x+ \5 J$ h0 @(5) # i7 \% O' R) X* T0 Q0 T
Before pioneers cleared the land for farms, cities, and road, forests covered about 40 percent of what is now the state of Illinois.' @7 t% S+ f# \% n, S5 a2 r7 A
应改为:roads
2 C) Y+ B ?3 X+ A: ~ M解释:and连接作为for的并列宾语,和farms, cities平行的应是复数名词roads
8 v6 h( w) _" o* J7 s; W注意:平行结构连接词所连接的名词,其单复数形式必须相同,除非有的式可数名词,有的是不可数名词。
. r6 n q4 y. e+ N2 C4 |' J(5) ; U5 v0 Y/ w9 m0 Z7 Z3 p
Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and ----, was born in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867.: I6 {) s5 ], X* B9 E9 D
(A) reforming society; H* K& F' t, k* ~) S" d
(B) social reformer% L ]2 P; H4 Q* M8 q( L4 I: K
(C) who reformed society
" ^1 Z2 D8 S+ z& g5 \9 X- |/ {$ _ (D) her social reform 9 B" s, ?% C0 q$ E$ Q
答案:B ) I5 ^: a4 B9 V' g7 @* `. O' j
解释:and连接的是主语Lillian D. Wald(人名)的两个并列同位语, public health nurse 是形容人的名词词组, 需填的部分应与其一致, A属分词词组, C属定语从句,D虽是名词词组, 中心词是reform,它们均不符合题意.# O2 f) n0 H5 e
注意:平行结构连接词所连接的几个单位在结构上,形式上应该尽量一致,比如上题的
' }% k; Q& T, n; l" Q' j! \) Vpublic health nurse and social reformer, 都是形容词修饰名词。 再如例题6 9 G( Z5 Y( o( G$ k# H# g
(6)- q% @! x/ i# t+ I" @ V9 I, t; L
Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than eastern Nebraska is
/ x% I8 e* p& r应改为:Nebraska does
8 a: w2 t- W- H/ p( x9 _5 E" c解释:题目中实际上是两个句子在用than连接进行比较, 它们比较的内容是receives the snow, 因此D中应该用does而不是is 来代替前面的receives |