第二节 平行结构
! \0 M& r# u7 r! s( G平行结构作为考点的出题率奇高,平均每套题中都有2-4道题目,因此必须引起高度重视。平行结构指的就是并列成分,不难理解和掌握。只要形成对and, or等词的敏感,牢记上面的固定搭配使用的并列连词(both…and, as well as 等),一看到这些词就首先考虑平行结构,无论作填空还是改错都是行之有效的方法。
% `) B9 z |! i' k& O5 L平行结构可能是并列的名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、谓语动词、分词等
+ m3 R# N3 _6 R- R9 n& A例题:6 N$ o: V! R' r x" _
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During most of this century, A. Philip Randolph struggled for Black rights in the United States and becomes an important figure in the labor movement.
9 u# B7 {/ E; D/ A j! J' W应改为:became. 3 m4 b4 z# \0 a2 Y5 }' b! X
解释:and连接两个并列谓语, 前者是过去时(struggled), 后者应相呼应使用过去式。9 ?; w" I% z% S9 W0 D
注意:在同一个时间背景下(本题中是During most of this century ),平行结构连接词所对应的动词必须采取一致的时态
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Classicism as a doctrine seeks what is universally truth and good.5 q& E i9 C5 }$ U0 J- b8 s: }
应改为:true. * p0 C$ E; O- \$ y s0 b1 o, x, w$ J
解释:and连接两个并列表语, 词性必须相一致, good是形容词, 此处truth也应该用形容词true。/ P) N: q @& X2 G3 H) l
注意:平行结构连接词所对应的各个连接单位的词性必须相一致,再如例题4 " ]. V( [5 ]( M9 z' F1 l6 s o+ z
(4)
% X7 H: e/ Q. @ It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effective than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one's meaning.
& n: x8 m) f k- x应改为:effectively.
& O+ P5 H$ j) N9 }0 U, [解释:句中and连接的是几个修饰动词write的副词, 它们的结构应是平行的. effective是形容词, 无法与simply, directly并列使用 0 q( j! d- ~. I) k s
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Before pioneers cleared the land for farms, cities, and road, forests covered about 40 percent of what is now the state of Illinois.6 p# e) m1 h! D2 ?
应改为:roads' W7 A# e S. f- d0 N3 e2 A
解释:and连接作为for的并列宾语,和farms, cities平行的应是复数名词roads
' R* V5 J, @; m+ V+ O注意:平行结构连接词所连接的名词,其单复数形式必须相同,除非有的式可数名词,有的是不可数名词。 ( m1 G0 J9 f% O4 _
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Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and ----, was born in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867.
' ] l9 d! a' M (A) reforming society& l+ p4 [! J; E& }& e- q
(B) social reformer/ x0 P' J6 y8 p/ l8 b0 j
(C) who reformed society) W& l1 J2 N7 m# n7 {1 H9 m8 b: A
(D) her social reform - M2 u/ a0 Y4 F! ?: E, v" V" X
答案:B
4 }9 K$ _( N5 Z8 Q解释:and连接的是主语Lillian D. Wald(人名)的两个并列同位语, public health nurse 是形容人的名词词组, 需填的部分应与其一致, A属分词词组, C属定语从句,D虽是名词词组, 中心词是reform,它们均不符合题意.- d. y3 v y) z8 _# x: \
注意:平行结构连接词所连接的几个单位在结构上,形式上应该尽量一致,比如上题的
3 l+ R( s8 x6 C- O1 }, p- k1 U+ L; |public health nurse and social reformer, 都是形容词修饰名词。 再如例题6
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+ j4 D; k4 Q& j' b1 j: D$ d3 IWestern Nebraska generally receives less snow than eastern Nebraska is5 V" }5 h# Q. ~ a& V
应改为:Nebraska does
) i* Y0 Y) O! x7 P& X解释:题目中实际上是两个句子在用than连接进行比较, 它们比较的内容是receives the snow, 因此D中应该用does而不是is 来代替前面的receives |