托福语法指导：分词及真题要点解析

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　　分词是TOEEL必考内容，在历届试题中均占相当大的比例。分词的命题形式非常广泛。平均分布在written Expressions 和structure两部分。有时，即使分词不是题目焦点，但对分词的正确分析则可以帮助考生选择正确的答案。分词的命题要点集中在（1）分词的形容词特性、（2）分词短语作后置定语、（3） 现在分词和过去分词的主动与被动含义。
8 @7 f. x) t9 B* _0 a0 _# y　　分词常考题型及解题要点：
; K, B2 M- q1 O! B　　1. 分词具有形容词特征，可单独作定语或表语。
　　全真例题分析
　　(1) The highly respect zoologist Ernest Just Joined the ruling board of the Marine Biological Laboratory in the 1930*s (93.1)
　　[答案] B 动词respect用来修饰后面的名词zoologist，故应改用分词respected形式，其作用相当于形容词作定语。
: e0 u7 A1 S+ v* `& N　　(2) A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. (90.1)
0 f& |( Z" T: S0 X3 X5 S% T4 K　　[答] C 修饰保词period应用动词的分词形式，即fixed。
5 ~% Y: s/ b: v& c! r2 h+ [　　(3) Characteristics of Op Art are the carefully arrange hues and geometric patterns that create optical illusions. (88.5)
　　[答案] A 修饰名词hues，应用分词形式arranged。
. R9 V& d9 ]: M" h8 S* P　　(4) The question of the origin of the Moon is interest not only in itself but also as a part of the larger genesis of the earth and the solar system . (88.5)
- Y; z4 k( |8 o( i　　[答案] B interest应用其分词interesting形式作表语，作用相当于一个形空词。
　　2. 分词短语作定语，放置于中心名词后面
　　解题要点 分词短语作后置定语在TOEEL考题中出现频率非常高。因而，考生务必熟记这一结构和用法。实际上，分词短语作后置定语。皆是定语从句的省略形式。
　　全真例题分析
　　(1) The leaves and stems of the aifaifa plant are the only parts of the plant -------
　　(A) the uses for livestock feed
　　(B) for using livestock feed
1 q, r3 [, |0 y! a7 H　　(C) used for livestock feed
' Q  ]6 ?# R# v2 N　　(D) they are used for livestock feed (93.1)
# r- K# W3 G* Q; S2 g　　[答案] C过去分词used + 介语短语组成的分词短语修饰前面的名词成分the only parts of the plant，作后置定语。此结构亦扩展为定语从句(that are ) used for livestock feed
, l) Y7 b2 Q2 D, r) }　　(2) The slide rule used sliding scales with marks ------- numbers and their logarithms.
1 D' h6 A( q7 e5 U. S# r3 R& A　　(A) representing
2 h4 F" f7 P" O. u2 s　　(B) represented
　　(C) are represented
- g$ o% h  a/ N+ ^8 X% U　　(D) they are representing (92.10)
　　[答案] A 分词短语作名词marks的后置定语，作用相当于一个定语从句：which represent numbers and their logarithms。
, l$ p! ^- F& c: k2 o9 i4 n　　(3) Earlg philosophers believe that the mind was divided into three faculties ------- s feeling ,intellect and will
* E, J0 L0 u' ?1 a* w, {8 e　　(A) to know
　　(B) known
/ g0 }/ X7 U& B9 y0 _* G' y4 M　　(C) knowing
　　(D) knew them (94.1)
2 c' m8 n; E) @& @8 A* O5 ~- X　　[答案] B分词短语known as…说明前面的名词three faculties。此结构可改写成定语从句。Which are known as…
　　(4) The bison know for the hump over its shoulders is usually called a buffalo in North America. (91.1)
3 W, C6 j: d4 a　　[答案] A 此句主语是The bison ,谓语是系词is ,划线A部分应当为分词短语，修饰名词The bison .A应改为known for。
　　(5) Louisa May Alcott is chiefly remembered for Little Women. One of the most popular girls books ever wrote (88.5)
' I+ [8 `; n% @# [& ~1 |6 k6 M　　[答案] D 修饰名词books应用分词生语ever written。
　　3. 分词短语作状语
　　解题要点 在句了意义非常清楚明确时，状语从句通常可以简略为分词短语，但有一个先决条件。此分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子的主语为同一人或物，此类分词短语通常置于句首。
7 k, H/ w. l! N7 X  c8 q' Y　　全真例题分析
; F! M* V- ]0 Y$ I　　(1) ------- as“the census taker of the sky”Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to the field of astronomy.
　　(A) Known
, @) W8 q4 w6 b. @; L　　(B) Knowing
% Q8 X! F; H: `. }* K! T2 d4 k　　(C) To known
　　(D) Knowledge (92.5)
1 l" g+ H# a! q: f. K! x　　[答案] A 分词短语置于句首作表示身份的状语。它的逻辑主语即是句子的主语Annie Jump Cannon.
" I4 V% c& a, X6 o: a, u, u　　(2) ------- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States .
　　(A) Founded
. `: f! d# V, u- j+ E　　(B) Founding转自:考试网 - [Examw.Com]
+ s5 ?3 ?/ s( [8 a0 O, j" B　　(C) To found
　　(D) Having founded (92.1)
　　[答案] A 分词短语表示时间，其逻辑主语即是句子主语The Boston Latin School.
　　(3) ------- the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.
* k" q( J) e- O  g' s$ J. ~7 L　　(A) In 1827 they drafted
8 `* J2 k; O# w; F  a% u( b# ^4 k　　(B) The draft in 1827
/ p- t, Q& {  ^; q& s1 H' v　　(C) In 1872 was drafted
: E: @2 M- x7 w# r% @# c" n$ a　　(D) Drafted in 1827 (90.5)
　　[答案] D分词短语作状语，表示时间。此结构可扩展为一状语从句；where the constitution of the Cherokee Nation was drafted in 1827 it provided for a chief executive a senate, and a house of representatives.
　　4. 现在分词表达主动的概念；过去分词表达被动的概念
　　全真例题分析
　　(1) Tudging to be the best boxer of his time, sugar Ray Robinson lost only 3 out of 137 fights (94.1)
　　[答案] A 此分词短语与其逻辑上的主语sugar Ray Robinson 是被动的关系（Sugar was judged to be…) 故应用过去词Tudped to be.
. b0 y  R. ~$ {! c" C% Z　　(2) During the Colonial days, the Iroquois had an agricultural economy basing mainly on corn with supplementary crops of pumpkins ,beans, and tobacco. (92.1)
+ j; X, G. A0 `' x" H8 \4 n; I　　[答案] B通常我们说to be based on ，这个短语表示被动概念（基于，以…为基础），所以应改用过去分词based。
: u9 _+ G, L+ _　　(3) Per capita income is a nation*s entire income dividing by the number of people in the nation. (90.10)
0 M+ v  B. @$ S2 ]0 h) Y4 K　　[答案] B根据句意及分词dividing后面的介词by，可以推断这个分词短语表达的是被动的概念，因此，应用过去分词divided by。
　　(4) Clementine Hunter*s primitive paintings have been exhibited at various galleries. Included one at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. D.C. (93.1)
　　[答案] D 分词in cluded与其逻辑的主语paintings并无被动的关系，不应用过去分词，应改为惯用现在分词短语in cluding + 名词宾语的结构