托福语法指导：从属连词及真题要点解析

会计考友

　　复合句是TOEEL考题的基本句子结构，因而连接主句和从句的连接词就成为重要的命题焦点。TOEEL常考的从属连词分三类：（1）关系代词( that, which ,what who. Whose) (2) 关系副词（where when why how) (3) 状语从句连接词 (where, when, if, though, because…) 有关从属连词的试题大部分集中在Structure (1-15题中) 掌握命题规律，这类题目并不复杂。从属连词常考题型及解题要点
# r9 a/ b3 ~- g' K8 O; I- j　　1. 主句与从句之间必须有从属连词
　　全真例题分析
0 v0 z. J  _1 |1 M  E　　(1)The spiral threads of a spider*s web have a sticky substance on them ------- insects.
  a% I1 w) G# I0 W/ l; M/ Q0 h; f4 R　　(A) traps
　　(B) trap its
　　(C) which traps
$ m' h% u7 y; C' Z7 t* K　　(D) which it traps (92.1)
　　[答案] C 定语从句关系代词which引导从句，且在从句中作主语。
. f; ~( K, x6 _* V* R; p　　(2)Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found ------- higher plants can survive.
% V; k/ T5 p$ X: h1 C8 w2 D　　(A) there
　　(B) wherever
　　(C) somewhere
　　(D) then (92.5)
　　[答案] B 空格前后为两个完整的句子，这里应填入连接词联系主从两句。四个选择只有wherever是连词，引导地点状语从句。
5 t/ f* _! }2 A9 }0 \' ]0 H　　(3)Duke Wellington was a composer. Conductor, and pianist ------ ranked as one of the greatest of all jazz figures.
. W9 b! J2 w; Q) S* x　　(A) him
8 K7 n- u: ?% I" [( S! s　　(B) although
- G* b  Q( J+ J: a% b" r; {% ?" p! b　　(C) or
4 w  Y" {# U' O# c! A9 l* U$ m　　(D) who (92.10)
/ b- }. X5 G- l( E% Z　　[答案] D 关系代词who引导定语从句，并作从句的主语。
　　(4)-------. Some of the Earth*s interior heat escapes to the surface.
　　(A) A volcano erupts
　　(B) A volcano whether erupts
　　(C) A volcano erupts it
　　(D) If a volcano erupts (93.5)
　　[答案] D 从属连词引导条件状语从句。
" W3 |# x5 g8 L. u. B' s　　2. 关系代词 who与which混淆错用
　　解题要点：在written Expression (16-40题）中的四个选择答案中出现who 或者which，应确认它所指代的是人还是物。
　　全直例题分析
+ _0 R: s" V% R! y" s　　(1)Fossil remains indicate that squidlike creatures called belemnites swam in the sea who covered the North American continent 70 million years ago. (94.5)
0 M$ O7 _+ o' Q8 k) k2 h& V8 k　　[答案] C 关系代词who指代的是sea，因此应用指物的which或that。
- r( L4 t' w6 a/ P- }( ~- l' h  {　　(2)Vaccines for some rare diseases are given only to persons which risk exposure to the disease. (93.1)
　　[答案] B 关系代词which指代前面的persons，应改为人称关系代词who。
0 o7 y3 T8 F9 ]8 u6 F7 L$ ]　　(3)Anne Elizabeth McDowell is best remembered for a weekly journal, the Woman*s Advocate, who she launched in January 1855. (91.8)
　　[答案] D 关系代词who指代杂志the woman*s Advocate,故应改为which。
　　(4) The attorney general of the United States advises the President on any questions of law who may arise in the conduct of administrative affairs. (90.10)
- B5 B5 s. k6 d" @: P　　[答案] B 关系代词who指代前文的questions of law，故应改为which或that。
6 l0 r2 j4 X- f5 t　　3. 介词＋关系代词which结构转自:考试网 - [Examw.Com]
* m0 C, [8 `4 Z4 H　　解题要点 介词＋which作用相当于一个关系副词，在从句作状语。可表示时间（＝when) ,地点(= where) ，原因（＝why）等等。
  P0 Q3 G6 \& {* \　　全真例题分析
/ N( L9 H  |5 P5 L. [) p$ F) N　　(1) In reorganizing the curriculum of Mt. Holyoke College in the late 1800*s Elizabeth Mead laid the foundation ------- the modern college rests.
　　(A) is which
　　(B) on which
　　(C) which is on
; v  S& x% g, i/ s/ d0 R+ Y" K$ r* V　　(D) on it (91.1)
　　[答案] B on which 指代on the foundation ，作用相当于一个表示地点的关系副词。
+ C1 x4 j( T; e& K- C　　(2) A circuit may be defined as a closed path ------- electricity can How.
3 N6 ]3 e% Y" E, ?/ m　　(A) through it
　　(B) through which
0 k( I2 y7 g: }　　(C) that is through
　　(D) there goes through (93.3)
　　[答案] B through which 指代through the circuit, 作用相当于一个关系副词，而介词through才能准确地表达句子的含义。
　　(3) The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds on animals depends on the soil ------- the plants grow.
　　(A) which
　　(B) which in
　　(C) in which
　　(D) in (90.5)
　　[答案] C in which = where
　　(4) Adhesives, such as glue, tape and gum, vary with the purpose ------- intended.
　　(A) they were for
+ B0 b, y9 u. ?8 S　　(B) for they were
8 Z. |  B# S4 z$ _% _# X　　(C) which were they
　　(D) for which they were (93.10)
　　[答案] D for which指代for the purpose。

会计考友

</p>　　4. What 引导的名词性从句
7 o& m! F/ T' {1 Y9 e. \　　解题要点：what兼先行词和关系代词双重身份，即what = the thing (things) that…。因此考生应特别注意，what既已包含先行词在内，它的前面就不应该再出现先行中心名词。What 与that 的区分是TOEEL常考题目
) u) U2 X6 B' \; ]4 F: G- W　　全真例题分析
1 X2 @  `) m0 k2 U: s　　(1) During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became ------- is now Indiana and Ohio.
; p. o3 d9 w# W2 j3 {　　(A) there
5 o) e2 M* o5 D1 @$ l　　(B) where
. C$ ~' |1 P: d: [( N" z' P* k  p　　(C) that
4 b& I/ u9 A' y) ^2 J9 a9 b　　(D) what (93.5)
8 O) _1 e! t/ G3 N　　[答案] D what = the area that。What所指代的是地点、位置。然而，此句却不可选择（B）where。因为关系副词where不能作从句的主语。只有what即是先行词又是关系代词。
& [: B5 O$ M+ L5 S9 F" g8 V　　(2) The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on ------- best in its climate and soil.
* }) L4 G6 S! I+ h0 d0 y" N　　(A) it grows
　　(B) what grows
, S7 D/ w, F( V! t　　(C) does it grow
' A$ U5 ]; k/ x* w　　(D) what does grow (90.1)
/ I1 N# l# {4 E- Y　　[答案] B what grows = the thing that grows…另请注意：介词后面通常不能接that引导的从句，但可接what引导的名词性从句。
8 O: O7 m, P2 J2 p, W2 K' s2 |　　(3) A hinge joint is ------- permits the forward and backward movement of a door.
　　(A) the
　　(B) what
4 @* t. R" }0 D5 \# E1 F　　(C) those
* j- `+ @* I% Z  ^0 n+ A0 D  S; R　　(D) whose (88.10)
3 ?8 E# s& \9 X9 c9 @! q* p4 x) i" Q　　[答案] B what = the thing that…
9 n' C7 p0 P  ]' }& W　　(4) Essentially, a theory is an abstract. Symbolic representation of ------- reality.
7 C" j( q6 r: T+ u6 D1 w4 p　　(A) what it is conceived
　　(B) that is conceived
3 f2 S, J7 E8 r0 _　　(C) what is conceived to be
　　(D) that is being conceived of (89.5)
3 T; ], e$ e/ e% j4 _# C　　[答案] C what = the thing that (is conceived to be…) .答案（A）中的代词it是多余的，因为what本身即已包含了先行词（the thing ) 和关系代词(that) 。答案（B）中的关系代词that引导的从句不可以置于介词的后面。
4 ]; C: i7 R- U1 ~　　(5) Most of the food what elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks. (93.10
　　[答案] B what应改为that。此句已含有先行词food，不能再用关系代词what。
0 j/ W0 f$ O  w, N% j7 |0 r　　5. 主句和从句
2 D% y1 c5 i  M0 E# |+ h　　解题要点 主语从句是TOEEL常考而中国考生又较陌生英文文法结构。有关主语从句的命题几乎全部集中在structure (1-15题）中。主语从句的特点是读起来有种头重脚轻的感觉，而且有两个谓语动词。连词That 引导的主语从句应特别留意。因为That 在句中没有任何意义，它只具有引导出主语从句的功能，因而很容易被忽略。
　　全真例题分析
. S( q3 w- Y0 _/ \; v8 I) R6 u　　(1) ------- xenon could not from chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.
6 U4 F5 n- a5 `9 `" h7 P　　(A) For
! [6 [- X; [0 d. f+ o　　(B) It was
4 Q5 s3 g& a3 u3 e　　(C) That
7 w8 z8 o) M9 C/ |　　(D) While (91.1)
/ {: o$ A- V/ {$ G9 d" t6 K8 `7 f　　[答案] C That引导的主语从句。其中第一个谓语动词could from 是从句的谓语，第二个系动was是主句的谓语。
　　(2) ------- to space travelers is high acceleration of deceleration forces.
　　(A) Danger can be
9 I- k3 ]& v* \2 G: U2 m　　(B) They can be dangerous
: b8 T; ], z/ Z6 m) T- K8 x; w/ V6 T' }+ L　　(C) What can be dangerous
　　(D) While danger (93.1)www.Examw.com
　　[答案] C what引导的主语从句。What既是从句的连词，又是从句的主语。
　　(3) ------- has been a topic of continual geological research.
　　(A) Did the continents originate
　　(B) How did the continents originate
: P1 u% F* e2 O/ B( D) G! q1 f; s8 E* Y　　(C) Have the continents originated
　　(D) How the continents originated (91.1)
　　[答案] D How 引导的主语从句。
　　(4) ------- progress helps to relieve scarcities is a fact accepted by economists.
) L0 Z+ J7 _, }' N" ^  l　　(A) Technological
　　(B) That technological
  r' Q3 ?0 k/ ?6 G$ Z1 m　　(C)Although technological
　　(D)There is technological
　　[答案] B. That 引导的主语从句，当连续读到两个谓语动词(e.g. Helps…is)，而空格在句首，应首先考虑主语从句。这是主语从句典型的句子结构。