四、非谓语动词. f3 S" R7 C8 o, u2 s( j T3 Q
(一) 分词 现在分词和过去分词的区别 ①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动/ H/ x% G2 w. ~, ]4 @
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then& ~+ {% a, Y, x$ l: |
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system.
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& g& Y; X* A- l6 m4 }$ v 分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning
3 \9 U, v( `% g4 ~ ②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动
0 P) C& P6 q' J0 U5 }8 Y 例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in
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" E" w+ `* w1 o) v) T* G0 Y* W the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands.
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living
$ `( C5 o- _5 d. o" [0 ` a r 一些动词后面必须用doing
/ u9 e& {, t# _% C! h( Y 对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。
8 W/ |- D, g/ ]! C: d$ L) C mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, advocate, suggest delay, quit! t2 o, r$ | [2 b
forgive(原谅),tolerate,
2 i0 H+ n( @4 l avoid, escape(逃避) spend+名词+doing;
( s# T/ M# J/ \, d0 W( ^5 l have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing# E1 r4 @- w$ {1 S2 W+ W( s. y% S
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their% F/ ?* j4 x8 S, c0 T
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# U: m3 Q$ j7 E2 D crops.
! f4 b4 F K' K6 W; Q, t+ P 分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。# z2 r" T# `" w5 Z
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War.) N0 B% E8 g5 I# O: k
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$ F1 L" Y- }: ~% S2 Z9 M 分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing0 ~7 F+ s) R% A( Z/ S, d5 X
(二) 不定式
7 [ K. w5 w5 ?. j4 K3 j A. 动词不定式的省略 ①、help后面可以省略to help to do
: Z5 k6 U f& J1 T help sb. to do
# s3 [ G4 t% z% X& R: x 例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid. u1 e% `+ ], D1 h7 `
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the habits that might shorten the lives.
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3 W O" A- \: Y 分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 X# `" Q$ m5 S+ {, q+ H
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个& ~9 Y% g7 i, @% ]: V! V2 k
make, let," L- Q B6 a2 x5 w1 m
have sb. do sth 注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth.
- F8 |5 D) t4 `) W 例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians
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! Y* u* x+ v' Z1 G, Y6 i% K s to know when to play various parts of a composition." F! u2 X7 c g: f
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( F; t9 P% N) P$ ? 分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know+ p/ S8 m$ `$ _. k: i
③、感官动词 hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe$ D1 J1 G0 v0 X ~
see sb do sth. 强调过程 see sb doing sth 正在做某事
f! ], |6 M6 `' n) X$ _ i2 } B. 动词不定式的固定用法
( \) |* O9 d+ q- _0 G v (1)表示第一人 the first woman to do sth.
' c9 j4 K) A5 D' _ (2)表示迫使的动词
' |& d& m Q" i8 ]! p& \ 一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do
* a$ u4 }+ j8 {& D; r, v 例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis
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/ p3 r3 Y- k7 {; @4 s6 M* f0 | allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth.
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0 ?' c) f( H. L- G 分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。
! s# f0 `# _5 H1 u- b4 t0 }" U (3)表示倾向…的形容词
# e# k6 B: U% u7 z) |( m: b9 ] be more likely to do 更有可能作某事5 K3 a: H$ p( L2 D9 l/ k, Y% R
be inclined to do倾向于做某事4 e. _9 {9 G/ K* E* Z2 e
be lieable to do 易于…的5 \9 v- D' M, j/ l
be apt to do8 O; R, T2 X) n: u' ]; v
(4)表示目的的名词,
3 e) G9 N( C5 E$ Q 一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。$ {3 t$ J3 k$ q
固定的句式:
% \' F& n+ Y$ b+ H1 {& C3 ~ the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth.7 W ^$ t* b$ z6 _
the objective 目标 aim; S/ e: k; d# C% j9 l- K6 G. Y
goal
5 w7 S$ O. c! @0 v) D% W reason理由
9 s& J. h( X1 o) k function功能
; V9 i; }! W3 Z* r intension意图8 [: O2 X y1 {
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing/ f R* U' |0 ?/ p
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
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分析:the function to provide, A错, a6 C; o* R0 |8 L" h8 o
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure2 f+ ]2 Q6 d- K& J9 }" C& n
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, v7 B4 a, i* q; k) ^! i and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds8 _2 R& w7 e& E1 G; w
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that make up various components of a living cell.
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! I% y8 N$ j, K6 I* E. Y 分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错
" |5 A6 Z# E: [5 x" C% c! P g (5) 其他同根名词 T! C2 O: X4 R' w" Z
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响
* u; G# |: ?9 G1 f attempt to do 企图 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响
1 h c1 ~& G8 h6 r* s# K ambition,
) W2 m' b7 ^4 O; _. f# m: s" _ be ambitious to do
6 B! O* }* ?" M) S% i9 Y& c& B2 S effort 例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation5 _' ^" ?8 G9 ^! _5 L! | u
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- j1 }9 M, T: G catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. |