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[词汇辅导] 托福语法指导-分词及真题要点解析

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发表于 2012-8-15 00:34:18 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  分词是TOEEL必考内容,在历届试题中均占相当大的比例。分词的命题形式非常广泛。平均分布在written Expressions 和structure两部分。有时,即使分词不是题目焦点,但对分词的正确分析则可以帮助考生选择正确的答案。分词的命题要点集中在(1)分词的形容词特性、(2)分词短语作后置定语、(3) 现在分词和过去分词的主动与被动含义。 分词常考题型及解题要点:3 P/ H1 t6 z9 G% L* n9 L7 }. g
  1. 分词具有形容词特征,可单独作定语或表语。
: A% s) g! K8 z' h  全真例题分析  P( p% ]' L- f8 S$ w7 y8 z
  (1) The highly respect zoologist Ernest Just Joined the ruling board of the Marine Biological Laboratory in the 1930*s (93.1)8 [* q, H$ Q; T2 d. D) U) n4 p9 v
  [答案] B 动词respect用来修饰后面的名词zoologist,故应改用分词respected形式,其作用相当于形容词作定语。2 f4 n3 V7 `, o9 ^9 e
  (2) A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. (90.1)
2 z: r3 f4 _5 p$ J  [答] C 修饰保词period应用动词的分词形式,即fixed.
& `% I2 h* K+ \7 S1 q0 Z$ j  (3) Characteristics of Op Art are the carefully arrange hues and geometric patterns that create optical illusions. (88.5)
8 @% h+ }2 ^6 e. s; `% p& r/ ^, {  [答案] A 修饰名词hues,应用分词形式arranged.
5 N7 G$ [  A8 c/ i2 ~* m, p5 p2 Q, c  (4) The question of the origin of the Moon is interest not only in itself but also as a part of the larger genesis of the earth and the solar system . (88.5)7 @$ L+ C( k* L5 Z: s
  [答案] B interest应用其分词interesting形式作表语,作用相当于一个形空词。
0 s8 Q6 K% f' [0 [  2. 分词短语作定语,放置于中心名词后面
/ D  W6 s; f! z4 T5 u  解题要点 分词短语作后置定语在TOEEL考题中出现频率非常高。因而,考生务必熟记这一结构和用法。实际上,分词短语作后置定语。皆是定语从句的省略形式。6 {8 K0 O# j% g8 ]: T
  全真例题分析
6 r5 S' G, }% l9 g7 V  (1) The leaves and stems of the aifaifa plant are the only parts of the plant ——
; o4 }% ?, C  |" f+ G( ^  (A) the uses for livestock feed
0 Q& F3 D$ Z5 ^2 k. K" \( _+ ~9 {  (B) for using livestock feed4 G. t( O) _6 F
  (C) used for livestock feed
) X' t( ~, Q% L) D# M* n  (D) they are used for livestock feed (93.1)
' }5 t5 I5 n5 ~  ~# Y/ ^  [答案] C过去分词used + 介语短语组成的分词短语修饰前面的名词成分the only parts of the plant,作后置定语。此结构亦扩展为定语从句(that are ) used for livestock feed
! {4 _  k1 @" ?. S# a% D4 r  (2) The slide rule used sliding scales with marks —— numbers and their logarithms.
5 a* d3 Q% U  k  (A) representing
! x" D5 x9 G$ N( }. Q" p' T  (B) represented
7 f( w& Z4 s9 G0 h8 R  (C) are represented% {# q- y" _* E1 E( G
  (D) they are representing (92.10)% l" V" o4 I" E4 f- P, Z6 @
  [答案] A 分词短语作名词marks的后置定语,作用相当于一个定语从句:which represent numbers and their logarithms.
- W$ y$ Y) g9 C$ ]2 g* s  (3) Earlg philosophers believe that the mind was divided into three faculties —— s feeling ,intellect and will
2 j8 _9 h! K& Z9 b; ]. U  (A) to know
: U/ ^, K# [; d* L  (B) known3 p- }: |4 m9 Z3 U
  (C) knowing$ Z6 [4 O7 `7 o' W6 E/ x3 _
  (D) knew them (94.1). |0 R- V+ H8 L, m
  [答案] B分词短语known as…说明前面的名词three faculties.此结构可改写成定语从句。Which are known as…
; \/ a3 v8 {& E$ ^( J  (4) The bison know for the hump over its shoulders is usually called a buffalo in North America. (91.1)" Y/ g* N- n5 _& }0 o0 b/ K8 C* }1 u0 r
  [答案] A 此句主语是The bison ,谓语是系词is ,划线A部分应当为分词短语,修饰名词The bison .A应改为known for./ o; C3 v* ]* p3 V
  (5) Louisa May Alcott is chiefly remembered for Little Women. One of the most popular girls books ever wrote (88.5)0 r4 l, J$ u: a/ ~" C
  [答案] D 修饰名词books应用分词生语ever written.: F/ v  ~  J2 }4 l0 J
  3. 分词短语作状语
) v! P+ X  J: H/ _0 {) ^3 ~  解题要点 在句了意义非常清楚明确时,状语从句通常可以简略为分词短语,但有一个先决条件。此分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子的主语为同一人或物,此类分词短语通常置于句首。
% p" B! ?' C% R  全真例题分析$ }' ^, w9 s. P. g  ^0 t, f4 X5 E; Y
  (1) —— as“the census taker of the sky”Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to the field of astronomy.& U! K. {- z4 {4 o% T* E1 q
  (A) Known
0 [# h; N$ K1 I4 m( e: s  (B) Knowing
( c: y/ V' [1 Y; B/ e  (C) To known
' v6 B* `$ k3 Z) Q( l  (D) Knowledge (92.5)
/ H. b1 _# J) x& m  [答案] A 分词短语置于句首作表示身份的状语。它的逻辑主语即是句子的主语Annie Jump Cannon.
' O/ {0 w; N" N" g  (2) —— in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States .: ]0 A' @$ F) W$ }0 l& f
  (A) Founded8 J/ [: Q8 ]& I  z4 C5 h
  (B) Founding, T0 K0 z! w/ L  j4 Q
  (C) To found, h7 g0 `0 ]7 r4 V0 Q; V
  (D) Having founded (92.1)9 z2 b: Y8 g8 w) L
  [答案] A 分词短语表示时间,其逻辑主语即是句子主语The Boston Latin School.  r* y' ]( R: z: e+ z. M2 X8 e
  (3) —— the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.
" {/ N" i" A3 r  L  (A) In 1827 they drafted
8 m$ a0 e0 P8 h& X3 I  (B) The draft in 1827
" O  F* W0 p7 a( r, g  (C) In 1872 was drafted# `9 M) o8 ^6 @! ^, `* X6 |
  (D) Drafted in 1827 (90.5)+ O, E" `4 x) c& p- F, c8 n6 j- V
6 X7 J& {' Z8 a
  [答案] D分词短语作状语,表示时间。此结构可扩展为一状语从句;where the constitution of the Cherokee Nation was drafted in 1827 it provided for a chief executive a senate, and a house of representatives.
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 楼主| 发表于 2012-8-15 00:34:19 | 显示全部楼层

托福语法指导-分词及真题要点解析

</p>  4. 现在分词表达主动的概念;过去分词表达被动的概念2 H  C- z4 W. P  ]; B4 v. F
  全真例题分析
  b, v2 y) X. J+ Q, d  (1) Tudging to be the best boxer of his time, sugar Ray Robinson lost only 3 out of 137 fights (94.1)
2 q0 s5 P: k# f, i( [) O" N  [答案] A 此分词短语与其逻辑上的主语sugar Ray Robinson 是被动的关系(Sugar was judged to be…) 故应用过去词Tudped to be.
) b& _% R+ C5 t& d) V  (2) During the Colonial days, the Iroquois had an agricultural economy basing mainly on corn with supplementary crops of pumpkins ,beans, and tobacco. (92.1)
, k- w' w$ s4 V3 w  [答案] B通常我们说to be based on ,这个短语表示被动概念(基于,以…为基础),所以应改用过去分词based.
! E. t* ]8 e( m; z6 K. @. c/ n& r  (3) Per capita income is a nation*s entire income dividing by the number of people in the nation. (90.10)* L! _# s+ P/ J
  [答案] B根据句意及分词dividing后面的介词by,可以推断这个分词短语表达的是被动的概念,因此,应用过去分词divided by.; d% A; T% [( ~0 n) p) {
  (4) Clementine Hunter*s primitive paintings have been exhibited at various galleries. Included one at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. D.C. (93.1)0 l2 r5 z+ U) S5 [& U% q& d: _- I/ d& Z/ F
  [答案] D 分词in cluded与其逻辑的主语paintings并无被动的关系,不应用过去分词,应改为惯用现在分词短语in cluding + 名词宾语的结构
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