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[词汇辅导] 托福语法指导-分词及真题要点解析

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发表于 2012-8-15 00:34:18 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  分词是TOEEL必考内容,在历届试题中均占相当大的比例。分词的命题形式非常广泛。平均分布在written Expressions 和structure两部分。有时,即使分词不是题目焦点,但对分词的正确分析则可以帮助考生选择正确的答案。分词的命题要点集中在(1)分词的形容词特性、(2)分词短语作后置定语、(3) 现在分词和过去分词的主动与被动含义。 分词常考题型及解题要点:
8 j" k0 }1 A9 D4 R- i  1. 分词具有形容词特征,可单独作定语或表语。+ R$ L$ K6 v  I. M: n
  全真例题分析
1 ~! c! V4 g; W, z7 k! B( r1 x  (1) The highly respect zoologist Ernest Just Joined the ruling board of the Marine Biological Laboratory in the 1930*s (93.1)* A- N, M' x! @
  [答案] B 动词respect用来修饰后面的名词zoologist,故应改用分词respected形式,其作用相当于形容词作定语。' z2 E; o# u$ k
  (2) A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. (90.1)4 x! z9 P3 t; Y' a' o! d( f
  [答] C 修饰保词period应用动词的分词形式,即fixed.
7 o2 L" ^: Z# I; ?2 K1 v  (3) Characteristics of Op Art are the carefully arrange hues and geometric patterns that create optical illusions. (88.5); J& R6 ~' O. L3 l  V& q" k& p
  [答案] A 修饰名词hues,应用分词形式arranged.
" ^" a) [9 V* m# o4 L3 [  (4) The question of the origin of the Moon is interest not only in itself but also as a part of the larger genesis of the earth and the solar system . (88.5)
! o/ H, N6 D" h5 r! ]  [答案] B interest应用其分词interesting形式作表语,作用相当于一个形空词。
( n  ~% D( B( t6 ]  2. 分词短语作定语,放置于中心名词后面
6 R& G& J" V: y# N7 M' G  解题要点 分词短语作后置定语在TOEEL考题中出现频率非常高。因而,考生务必熟记这一结构和用法。实际上,分词短语作后置定语。皆是定语从句的省略形式。6 a7 p" N. G2 `& U. }$ M
  全真例题分析. B( o/ o; [; ~8 m
  (1) The leaves and stems of the aifaifa plant are the only parts of the plant ——
4 L% H3 l9 H' `0 `/ W  (A) the uses for livestock feed
9 M) W! F+ L+ X  o& d1 h2 u  (B) for using livestock feed. W" s: M2 ?! a5 K$ v, ^+ `, k
  (C) used for livestock feed) {0 O" _/ Q' U! ?) l8 J
  (D) they are used for livestock feed (93.1): X* ^4 F/ @0 ]! G
  [答案] C过去分词used + 介语短语组成的分词短语修饰前面的名词成分the only parts of the plant,作后置定语。此结构亦扩展为定语从句(that are ) used for livestock feed+ q1 ]* U, S  L/ L) P
  (2) The slide rule used sliding scales with marks —— numbers and their logarithms.0 U4 U. c7 C1 f$ J* L+ R9 ^
  (A) representing
$ R0 u2 U* j* C5 r# _  (B) represented, Y" C* x. i3 S
  (C) are represented% F7 |6 y$ v/ b3 h! ~
  (D) they are representing (92.10)0 V. T! o1 Q2 @1 y7 m
  [答案] A 分词短语作名词marks的后置定语,作用相当于一个定语从句:which represent numbers and their logarithms./ d" I+ T8 D3 `
  (3) Earlg philosophers believe that the mind was divided into three faculties —— s feeling ,intellect and will
3 A& s$ _) R- b/ h2 W  (A) to know
1 ]- f( u  z- F  (B) known
. f" f% N  @9 A- e  (C) knowing
; X% ]8 W" ]4 o+ J  (D) knew them (94.1)- p5 F; |( ~, M. H
  [答案] B分词短语known as…说明前面的名词three faculties.此结构可改写成定语从句。Which are known as…
& l# `* L# P+ I2 T3 g  (4) The bison know for the hump over its shoulders is usually called a buffalo in North America. (91.1)) V6 J: P' b# p0 }* v
  [答案] A 此句主语是The bison ,谓语是系词is ,划线A部分应当为分词短语,修饰名词The bison .A应改为known for.
" W: g  R6 h5 T) @0 B, o0 J/ [  (5) Louisa May Alcott is chiefly remembered for Little Women. One of the most popular girls books ever wrote (88.5)
: [5 [/ F$ z0 h' ^' o  [答案] D 修饰名词books应用分词生语ever written.
7 V8 Q4 F2 H/ a! H  3. 分词短语作状语+ F/ A+ \2 H1 f2 \9 E1 l. x: l
  解题要点 在句了意义非常清楚明确时,状语从句通常可以简略为分词短语,但有一个先决条件。此分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子的主语为同一人或物,此类分词短语通常置于句首。) K# J. t! A; g8 e. s" A, `
  全真例题分析
/ `1 E0 h: ^6 y" X' N2 o; }  (1) —— as“the census taker of the sky”Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to the field of astronomy.
! `2 i, \1 m. ]4 H; u, b  (A) Known  n3 l( b9 {; z1 d9 l
  (B) Knowing2 g3 ]5 P. y; n' W: l" o5 q) Z* g
  (C) To known
+ g0 O  H" T9 v  (D) Knowledge (92.5). h/ U4 X5 K, ]7 H4 {$ }' N: u
  [答案] A 分词短语置于句首作表示身份的状语。它的逻辑主语即是句子的主语Annie Jump Cannon.
9 w$ ]7 v8 ^8 R! p  Y  (2) —— in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States ., }$ |; F0 i3 T3 [( d0 Z" h; _
  (A) Founded
, T7 h0 j7 y! W+ B9 O, @  (B) Founding8 M2 W: J2 l' R) o9 x' |: @
  (C) To found
, E6 H3 v4 n  }; s1 G  (D) Having founded (92.1)4 `) e; `8 F% P2 c1 Y/ u- \
  [答案] A 分词短语表示时间,其逻辑主语即是句子主语The Boston Latin School." t6 Q# p8 s& D1 G
  (3) —— the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.
) k: n' N6 K  @! ?  (A) In 1827 they drafted+ W; I% `* G* t( `" x. K! @
  (B) The draft in 18278 F* X! _# h' f& ^  ^
  (C) In 1872 was drafted
+ e" J, B0 g( n1 L  (D) Drafted in 1827 (90.5), {1 ^: X0 S/ j# ]/ s$ n2 H
( O6 A, S7 O/ V. y3 P
  [答案] D分词短语作状语,表示时间。此结构可扩展为一状语从句;where the constitution of the Cherokee Nation was drafted in 1827 it provided for a chief executive a senate, and a house of representatives.
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 楼主| 发表于 2012-8-15 00:34:19 | 显示全部楼层

托福语法指导-分词及真题要点解析

</p>  4. 现在分词表达主动的概念;过去分词表达被动的概念
( ~- |2 A+ L, _! Z4 n* b  全真例题分析/ W, P6 U' T: r
  (1) Tudging to be the best boxer of his time, sugar Ray Robinson lost only 3 out of 137 fights (94.1): X: E1 |& j8 |& q7 ?5 A/ B
  [答案] A 此分词短语与其逻辑上的主语sugar Ray Robinson 是被动的关系(Sugar was judged to be…) 故应用过去词Tudped to be.
& }) y2 Y/ h8 E) ^  (2) During the Colonial days, the Iroquois had an agricultural economy basing mainly on corn with supplementary crops of pumpkins ,beans, and tobacco. (92.1)& k6 r' g/ p0 a/ ]
  [答案] B通常我们说to be based on ,这个短语表示被动概念(基于,以…为基础),所以应改用过去分词based.2 a0 R- ]1 T& S, U/ {* x
  (3) Per capita income is a nation*s entire income dividing by the number of people in the nation. (90.10)
: ]- m0 K# u5 X: L+ F  [答案] B根据句意及分词dividing后面的介词by,可以推断这个分词短语表达的是被动的概念,因此,应用过去分词divided by." a6 h% s/ Q, ?  V2 |' v. p6 u
  (4) Clementine Hunter*s primitive paintings have been exhibited at various galleries. Included one at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. D.C. (93.1)
* t8 N; i# J) \9 p5 M0 y- r  [答案] D 分词in cluded与其逻辑的主语paintings并无被动的关系,不应用过去分词,应改为惯用现在分词短语in cluding + 名词宾语的结构
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