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[词汇辅导] 托福考试改错题常考要点及例题分析(上)Ⅲ

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发表于 2012-8-15 00:34:18 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  三、谓语动词0 X/ V! E. Q2 ]# F9 ^
  (一) 谓语动词的主谓一致  ①、主谓分割原则
4 [# ^, w9 ]- P! R6 {9 ^0 n: I  例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle,8 |- ~3 [4 V3 `
  A* Y6 U+ \# h, f* O
  America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom.
, ]; }6 _3 N: F, X* c, h  B      C      D
. G; O7 M$ n! T3 {  分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。
1 d. w; u- w& |' d/ D5 w- Q  y  ②、与后者一致原则
) S! L7 P/ |4 O! j+ H* f  not…but, 强调but后面的名词,  not only…but also  ③、与前者一致原则  名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is,1 N" T2 }5 E/ j4 r$ q
  中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致
3 c2 ]# s) a+ z- r$ X  @  例:The athlete, together with his coach and; c* ]/ o( ~: r$ X8 j6 G( S
  A      B  C& Y# f4 n6 l: S) @: |) b
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.
* @0 P' E. |$ V9 M; U/ S% I  D4 M. C. ?' F6 Z1 Z5 ]) ?# G& \
  分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is
3 A" M: D# v- ~7 I% P* y4 b  ④、就近原则  or, either…or, neither…nor,
7 ]: d0 v4 N7 K1 r+ u3 n  单数名词+or+复数名词+are
9 b- r6 z" h- T0 v6 i4 X( S/ G  如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is) J. ?+ I2 b" @$ M5 ^
  所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数
) l: l, W* ?+ t  如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数+ U5 c# a( i" G
  例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are) ~9 k7 ]& J7 Q+ A# m8 J% S9 N
  A      B
# I3 ]9 f1 x1 k& n! M5 K: e  amazingly complex for single-celled animals.# k' r! F" w! n; x6 A- \& T/ \
  C              D/ V) q5 |1 a# r* }' I# P: j
  分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。8 e9 a9 L$ z" |9 f5 s' w9 u
  ⑤定语从句主语就近原则  There are five apples that are red.
6 g5 t5 B( s1 M( C- T  apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。! c; X9 k& j) w/ d8 d$ O& E/ {
  例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets
8 B% A2 w+ [+ w7 u9 V4 h  A- E5 E( P# q" ]6 Q! D2 U
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds.% V# x! E3 P* W+ u6 v
  B   C    D, g8 b+ d3 ?4 t: k4 u! {( z% m
  分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。
( v* _7 I8 j' q  o  ⑥the +形容词主谓一致  The rich are not always happier than the poor.) n/ {% `7 e" A5 M: y9 C" Q
  The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数% S7 H" T3 L1 `% Y$ X
  ⑦、倒装句的主谓一致
& }' i" ]2 B: U, Q" n* o  E: u6 ^( G2 r  改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况:  a. there be 句型: N" s/ {# \9 a
  there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式7 }) s, Z6 U8 G0 E" H7 L% n& V
  b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致$ ]& h0 }! B7 [0 L- T( H
  例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate.' k/ p% u( P  t- E+ H  i, w
  A     B      C    D
4 ^% K$ p2 h% R, A& R/ g+ _( j) I  分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is+ y$ P: c  ~! V! }
  例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific! J: M' g) |9 ^) C0 ~& x4 E
  A     B
' ]7 D; {0 l% _8 d& O1 L9 i8 B  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30+ c2 R8 ^$ x( \) _- Y% |; U
  C
- F' ^4 Z2 y. h, M+ t. e& h  miles in width.
( |! e0 \' T8 A6 A  D
* @$ l6 T  ^1 F  分析:倒装句,are改为is( Y, r4 x+ j8 v- R
  例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and
3 d: Y8 M4 ?* S4 ^3 G5 `  A    B    C% N) y& R3 @" b2 B8 n% O
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film
' o8 o. s  F4 v  D
- N) f# k6 X% v7 h: V  presented on the five-story-tall screen.
* y4 ?) J( e# Z+ ^+ R* Q9 ~  分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。& i2 k/ P6 t7 [3 J: U$ q, m! p
  ⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致# l& d1 \& n: a( I* q
  fifty percent of + 名词' P3 ?6 @6 F  S0 l4 f: b2 x
  one percent of + 名词  谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如:
8 H8 U3 M5 [3 S3 Z) F' n  t  one percent of my students + are4 z/ z! `+ _5 G! Q. ~; g
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working.- @* o" e/ \8 k
  这里要强调两个结构  half of =fifty percent
, R1 H* H) b) t' u  most of + 可数名词 + are
1 \" [; T; B. X5 h$ N! ]  most of + 不可数名词+ is
) J* D7 B9 R' o, i/ g  例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been3 t) O: O: e9 s* q% V) y
  A       B        C" }0 p! v9 c: s$ `
  found in central and eastern Canada.- h, [7 o% Z1 _* b% o, f
  D
+ L1 d! I6 Q% h! ]2 ~) a! x  分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。4 S: e+ |( U: c- t
  例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized
  ?" D9 I- d; V' Y  A   B
5 ?" s6 i  [: O/ [  in the United States are for foods and beverages.% L' u9 v& n7 o. w) X$ L
  C     D, I7 ]3 F+ H; f% L
  分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。
! G4 n# f; ]% X6 y( [2 L  (二) 谓语动词的时态  ①、主要考察时间状语
8 G) A! ?' e5 u4 b. M. H* R  例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.
: ?) q3 f3 C! g" A( A  A        B  C     D
+ `1 i4 H, g) \  G  分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was; R1 }- v( z; z" W1 k# _( y% H  x
  ②、For和since的区别
; _: X0 L: M* Y  区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点' Y2 l$ S% Q8 |8 s- `3 t! g
$ _, r" g) g- D7 j5 T4 w
  区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时
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 楼主| 发表于 2012-8-15 00:34:19 | 显示全部楼层

托福考试改错题常考要点及例题分析(上)Ⅲ

</p>  I has been a teacher for three years.
+ c9 |; w! e" _9 G  I has been a teacher since 1996.  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了
* Y0 r" C6 f7 a3 u9 P  例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became5 {% t- _. z* ]9 @, X
  A      B- u8 l" e1 \  I
  the primary responsibility of the president.  w$ o$ V& Y/ N; Y, \
  C    D' S, i7 N$ Y& `8 j; C
  分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。
" T; M. I" |. e! I) O2 J$ E  例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of0 ?7 ?7 f2 L* ], u5 f, ^
  A  B  C
) s! M2 x( O* ~  D  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years.% p4 Z7 g& K' Z* c; I, m% l
  D  }+ c9 ~: V0 w
  分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。+ z( c" b  o/ P& g. v7 D8 T4 }3 i
  52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.
# b; a- Q- M3 N; J+ Z7 ~5 C" l9 Z0 p" ]  A       B        C     D7 Z+ L& B8 v5 j" ?8 N
  自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live& [9 o2 E7 d. J3 e% s' H
  (三) 谓语的语态  语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。   有四组动词是改错题中常考的:  ①、prove
" G: ?& n) m. q4 n  My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的
$ a! ~9 v+ e  V0 `% w  尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动;  }: Y7 i3 [. ], a1 s/ P, Y
  例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming8 r) C) B- c0 \  u, [1 o: y
  A  h( G7 v- h; F
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be% e& z* {0 e' y) ?
  B                  C" F" E- U/ V% [; x$ E! a9 o- v
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked.
0 [/ I, c, b$ G  D/ y* g; {6 f8 v! F
  分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。
1 X/ A# ?, Y3 R# `: J: v  ②、Locate,Situate
9 Y0 i7 |4 a7 x  c. @  这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置+ M  ^' [4 T6 w5 H7 u
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置
8 h8 W" ^* {3 o0 m7 m9 a* t  这两个词也可以用作被动  My school was located near the river.+ B1 q9 l, ]7 H0 Q
  区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语' g; i& f5 G( J9 d5 l
  例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint.( p& ^) y" t% g; B
  (A)locates
# `4 g; a9 i4 A4 [* X4 w% o  (B)locating) O- X) g3 ^( V6 g/ u
  (C)to locate
( F7 Z" E2 o+ _6 @# o6 r  (D)is located   分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。- ~5 B' k- j" i% `% c9 j
  ③、表示需要概念的动词( c3 m: X7 R& F# M% \
  need, want, require等
3 Z8 p8 p' r; A1 V/ @% X  My watch needed repairing
6 V" M) A8 D' |7 N% N  My watch needed to be repaired.
( r- M  J) x% K# i8 O  ④、表示人的情感的动词
0 }0 h/ U; N: \- C# K! }  move, annoy, surprise, please等; d0 Z8 }: Y' C) ?
  He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。  He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。- N7 g8 f# |; f* F- |& o4 I
  主动和被动技巧总结:
/ s3 p8 A! S) @9 }* P0 k' m# e- S  如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词& J4 |3 W4 C. X4 N6 S) w' h
  例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the
* z7 u- d! P: C  A
( d3 T4 T3 Z) F, z  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams,9 Y2 ?  R1 V+ _! V# q8 b' V( u
  B
: Z# m% Z& \7 w. \  W  power structures, and flood-control works along5 W0 ^# J: ~  Z
  C% ~" o- j: g% s4 i" u
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams.
) A8 t% l% g6 G1 T  D1 s+ u7 W1 |1 T, m# R& m0 y/ y
  分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。
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