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[词汇辅导] 托福语法指导-从属连词及真题要点解析

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发表于 2012-8-15 00:34:18 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  复合句是TOEEL考题的基本句子结构,因而连接主句和从句的连接词就成为重要的命题焦点。TOEEL常考的从属连词分三类:(1)关系代词( that, which ,what who. Whose) (2) 关系副词(where when why how) (3) 状语从句连接词 (where, when, if, though, because…) 有关从属连词的试题大部分集中在Structure (1-15题中) 掌握命题规律,这类题目并不复杂。从属连词常考题型及解题要点 1. 主句与从句之间必须有从属连词6 Y* ?. p2 e8 n& O
  全真例题分析
/ S7 [. G" |9 T7 a2 z5 Y- G  (1)The spiral threads of a spider*s web have a sticky substance on them —— insects.0 y$ m  T( q( Z: D9 Y# q
  (A) traps
: o$ u1 Y2 |: K  (B) trap its
4 E+ P5 V3 e2 F1 W) w+ X0 V  (C) which traps
7 O# L/ ?: V) U+ r8 h$ b- R" U  (D) which it traps (92.1)
# K+ {' ?* |( t8 x8 j  [答案] C 定语从句关系代词which引导从句,且在从句中作主语。
# w) A& Q" }! o. K  (2)Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found —— higher plants can survive.
- d% `) s4 _0 I6 J; l3 r  (A) there7 `7 E+ E4 c7 E$ _! X7 W" C
  (B) wherever
! `; k$ i" {* y7 y" n) O& f% H& I  (C) somewhere
% O' I& }$ T( ~' L( |- m+ f3 B! c  (D) then (92.5)
8 |$ E9 ~5 v/ U8 P2 M- ^  [答案] B 空格前后为两个完整的句子,这里应填入连接词联系主从两句。四个选择只有wherever是连词,引导地点状语从句。
8 F# N# ?. ~5 [0 o) o$ E' j  (3)Duke Wellington was a composer. Conductor, and pianist —— ranked as one of the greatest of all jazz figures.0 H3 C6 j: L* Z, i# t2 s+ \
  (A) him& g& ]- [- ]% k0 [+ i9 _
  (B) although# g) l9 J2 Y" s# L6 K* j. _, U" @6 i
  (C) or
4 X0 W( }# V/ k  (D) who (92.10)
# @6 P" N3 o( Q  [答案] D 关系代词who引导定语从句,并作从句的主语。: w1 z- ~- m, S* J
  (4)——。 Some of the Earth*s interior heat escapes to the surface.% m3 Q- [8 }2 |( H( Q" `
  (A) A volcano erupts
) [" E2 S" W# r  (B) A volcano whether erupts
# |4 w- ~, r* \  (C) A volcano erupts it
) n& `% E0 A( C' d5 i8 F3 I  (D) If a volcano erupts (93.5)+ H8 ?' d6 m) ^" F( a$ }
  [答案] D 从属连词引导条件状语从句。
) `& j% P, l; |7 E  2. 关系代词 who与which混淆错用! L( l: ^' C; h. n  n/ r2 O  H
  解题要点:在written Expression (16-40题)中的四个选择答案中出现who 或者which,应确认它所指代的是人还是物。
" @, h) i0 U# ]; y  全直例题分析
5 ]6 u; n2 [4 b: A! F- g: L  (1)Fossil remains indicate that squidlike creatures called belemnites swam in the sea who covered the North American continent 70 million years ago. (94.5). J: c8 O( a) b+ R* W0 z
  [答案] C 关系代词who指代的是sea,因此应用指物的which或that.0 N1 q! c" m7 [9 n
  (2)Vaccines for some rare diseases are given only to persons which risk exposure to the disease. (93.1): c/ w0 r. M! ]' S" I) J3 ?
  [答案] B 关系代词which指代前面的persons,应改为人称关系代词who.# u9 H; N$ a" r
  (3)Anne Elizabeth McDowell is best remembered for a weekly journal, the Woman*s Advocate, who she launched in January 1855. (91.8)
6 s3 ^. O* N" `+ X  t/ g  _  [答案] D 关系代词who指代杂志the woman*s Advocate,故应改为which.
& i6 o; Z. n8 P4 t  (4) The attorney general of the United States advises the President on any questions of law who may arise in the conduct of administrative affairs. (90.10)* X# f5 }/ d: M( L
  [答案] B 关系代词who指代前文的questions of law,故应改为which或that.# N# h, K% H4 e
  3. 介词+关系代词which结构( u( F3 B4 t$ v9 N( v
  解题要点 介词+which作用相当于一个关系副词,在从句作状语。可表示时间(=when) ,地点(= where) ,原因(=why)等等。
; V3 F6 n& X2 u4 l  全真例题分析
$ {0 y( p5 C6 t8 }, `" F% E  (1) In reorganizing the curriculum of Mt. Holyoke College in the late 1800*s Elizabeth Mead laid the foundation —— the modern college rests.
; w& q$ N0 c* Q8 ^9 i" n4 A  (A) is which
& c8 P% ~, `* o% @+ r( Q" g0 Z* c  (B) on which
3 G7 w, J* X( l! o  (C) which is on* J% M, ]" B7 l  r) p
  (D) on it (91.1)0 T/ q- l( m& J! }) K5 ?' ]
  [答案] B on which 指代on the foundation ,作用相当于一个表示地点的关系副词。
; {0 @7 l" V1 t) F3 l* x  (2) A circuit may be defined as a closed path —— electricity can How.& a* s. I. _" w' A8 C
  (A) through it/ T7 Z7 M! y( x
  (B) through which. F& }& |2 q4 ^8 W4 o- K; a
  (C) that is through
" y+ D- j& ~5 r4 G' }% Q  (D) there goes through (93.3)
! n; L' O* ?8 l3 n9 y9 h  [答案] B through which 指代through the circuit, 作用相当于一个关系副词,而介词through才能准确地表达句子的含义。
: w% D# t& E7 u7 ]8 s  G2 o  (3) The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds on animals depends on the soil —— the plants grow.
2 ]6 X: ]' _( G( y* K. O  (A) which* r) ?/ q$ w/ Y  z
  (B) which in
) u. d. J. ?( F$ Y8 Q. ]  (C) in which
% k  c' P1 J9 t1 H  (D) in (90.5)+ d% [! L  u. {' j
  [答案] C in which = where6 c1 L  u% o' X" `( @! Z
  (4) Adhesives, such as glue, tape and gum, vary with the purpose —— intended.) H# W9 ]- D* a" T* @3 n2 G( s# L
  (A) they were for$ O5 }9 P+ O( J0 W7 ~8 W2 |8 h
  (B) for they were4 r/ `4 Y' K( J) a  y) x/ {
  (C) which were they
7 n* T3 c" }4 _4 d2 _  (D) for which they were (93.10)
; v) t8 C2 f$ H9 @, M  [答案] D for which指代for the purpose.
" V8 X3 l* A4 _2 h. @8 g& T. T0 z( }* a# F9 [* K9 T$ C
  4. What 引导的名词性从句 解题要点:what兼先行词和关系代词双重身份,即what = the thing (things) that…。因此考生应特别注意,what既已包含先行词在内,它的前面就不应该再出现先行中心名词。What 与that 的区分是TOEEL常考题目
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 楼主| 发表于 2012-8-15 00:34:19 | 显示全部楼层

托福语法指导-从属连词及真题要点解析

</p>  全真例题分析
) U5 t5 W; s- K4 I5 U1 p  (1) During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became —— is now Indiana and Ohio.
8 S7 p* q5 o" _8 B, P, _7 o  (A) there$ t1 L$ `, w, G/ n. T: f1 a
  (B) where
! @$ f2 v9 M% w) {: G, {  (C) that6 D+ I" `' u1 f& V7 Q7 E; B7 ?4 I
  (D) what (93.5)- z6 Y# e% `7 o- E
  [答案] D what = the area that.What所指代的是地点、位置。然而,此句却不可选择(B)where.因为关系副词where不能作从句的主语。只有what即是先行词又是关系代词。% T/ S$ r% }. l( F
  (2) The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on —— best in its climate and soil.0 S2 u- }1 p( W0 f  v
  (A) it grows- T6 B; {* L; A' N9 y) ^8 R
  (B) what grows
, G- C$ Y( M$ ^3 q  (C) does it grow
9 P" E/ S7 N; h' p. t0 T+ R  (D) what does grow (90.1)
7 b. J- N2 [) W3 }: r  [答案] B what grows = the thing that grows…另请注意:介词后面通常不能接that引导的从句,但可接what引导的名词性从句。
% P( p4 H- I% }  (3) A hinge joint is —— permits the forward and backward movement of a door./ }, b" S: V. Y6 w# s: H5 F  O
  (A) the
% ^9 D+ U4 E$ i  (B) what& ^1 ], |1 ~4 m2 R7 E
  (C) those
: I2 W. q7 f, ?1 e# Y" y  (D) whose (88.10)6 ]) o$ H  I3 q- o
  [答案] B what = the thing that…+ k7 n) B# T' U5 i- }
  (4) Essentially, a theory is an abstract. Symbolic representation of —— reality.
4 F8 a* z8 W- n) n( L& p0 L7 u6 N  (A) what it is conceived
- t0 C! [) x) k" ]5 V& Z9 [  (B) that is conceived4 Q* D3 b8 J8 `3 p/ L
  (C) what is conceived to be' V! \9 z% f9 t8 i# v4 z
  (D) that is being conceived of (89.5)
8 D9 O6 D+ z$ ]/ k  [答案] C what = the thing that (is conceived to be…) .答案(A)中的代词it是多余的,因为what本身即已包含了先行词(the thing ) 和关系代词(that) .答案(B)中的关系代词that引导的从句不可以置于介词的后面。
" N! y( E" o+ P  d; O$ e  (5) Most of the food what elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks. (93.10
2 j; s, C+ R8 y5 o/ F5 [  [答案] B what应改为that.此句已含有先行词food,不能再用关系代词what.5 ~. G" x( q# a" S6 L* f' P/ D! \
  5. 主句和从句
( M4 t# H4 J  k5 y& Q" v- `  解题要点 主语从句是TOEEL常考而中国考生又较陌生英文文法结构。有关主语从句的命题几乎全部集中在structure (1-15题)中。主语从句的特点是读起来有种头重脚轻的感觉,而且有两个谓语动词。连词That 引导的主语从句应特别留意。因为That 在句中没有任何意义,它只具有引导出主语从句的功能,因而很容易被忽略。% j# {/ a- O+ u% ~& `4 V, F' T
  全真例题分析1 [4 t. y6 m* z# ~  o- J6 }
  (1) —— xenon could not from chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.
8 v$ t; [/ g7 ], L  (A) For; S5 K5 j, ~2 B
  (B) It was: @: V( p; ^* V
  (C) That
/ o& a+ g. g( {+ Q  (D) While (91.1)
$ l& Z  y, L* C  r& y  [答案] C That引导的主语从句。其中第一个谓语动词could from 是从句的谓语,第二个系动was是主句的谓语。5 W0 Z6 B1 b, I1 E0 \4 y6 u
  (2) —— to space travelers is high acceleration of deceleration forces.
4 c+ w* o) t& E" \/ x" M7 s  (A) Danger can be2 z* o1 e+ n& ?# }! \
  (B) They can be dangerous
) i- o& c( t* A- F9 G2 j3 p- a; T5 f  (C) What can be dangerous
2 K/ X& E/ z% B4 ]- w  (D) While danger (93.1)* Q/ j8 R% {9 h$ @! c0 ^
  [答案] C what引导的主语从句。What既是从句的连词,又是从句的主语。
+ _, F! N  I  b! [  (3) —— has been a topic of continual geological research.. d; W- w3 S! W  R
  (A) Did the continents originate
+ g1 ?4 y% m5 E/ W  (B) How did the continents originate: }1 S5 S9 [, x4 A) [
  (C) Have the continents originated
9 t  _  m5 Z' i( F  (D) How the continents originated (91.1)
! k4 F0 H" p- y# G$ J, K8 H1 P9 v# {  [答案] D How 引导的主语从句。/ J, ]: z2 |7 V- z( v0 u$ J
  (4) —— progress helps to relieve scarcities is a fact accepted by economists.
3 Q( Q7 P5 `, z; P% ?  (A) Technological: w6 R( s8 C; O) {8 c
  (B) That technological' [0 G( L" G. Y1 K  A8 a
  (C)Although technological, ?; E* F, s$ p/ l
  (D)There is technological  P6 O6 ~9 q5 i9 ^
  [答案] B. That 引导的主语从句,当连续读到两个谓语动词(e.g. Helps…is),而空格在句首,应首先考虑主语从句。这是主语从句典型的句子结构。
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