一、演绎推理论证法 4 Z' R% A( K* B4 p7 @4 U
将一个具体的事例运用到一个一般性原则从而得出结论。
! x( x v5 Q M 论点:Demand for this product wii go up。 # `2 c% p% j+ u0 w3 h6 o' Y
论据:The price of the product is sliding.
* K6 s. |$ c5 ?3 ~8 X v1 s. ? 推理依据:Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises. 8 K- q+ f' r5 F; C
(说明:由论据“the price of the product is sliding ”推出论点“Demand for this product will go up”,这个过程是否有效取决于推理依据“whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises”是否成立。下面每一种论证方法都是如此)
3 f' R, Y" ]/ r4 U& A+ X 二、定义法 3 E+ P1 L$ M' P* u. ^
界定一个概念的关键内涵;或者认定某个事物符合某个定义,从而得出结论。例如:
8 Z9 M6 F# r3 h# ~8 s% o 论点:Radical feminists are not good citizens.
B: L, u" d6 ?* u 论据:Radical feminists lack family values. www.ExamW.CoM
" E9 U5 @. `) S2 p* k 推理依据:Family values characterize the good citizes. / S6 ]: O$ y8 g% O0 N
三、因果关系论证法 # m o6 E6 n9 N: \
将一个判断放入一个因果关系中,指出它或者是原因,或者是结果。例如:
0 c" r& }: l, w 论点:The internet may be causing depression.
/ W6 Q. g3 A+ j6 z0 H% C 论据:When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed. ; {% R& F! M" ~* f* b- e' O$ Z: c3 `
推理依据:There are no other reasons for the group’s depression.
# p" N1 b$ }! v. \ 四、归纳推理论证法 7 z: i; A! v/ }) A g8 K) l, Z
从若干个具体事例中推出共性的一般结论。如:
( Q* I' F k; B7 f$ P 论点:Everyone likes the movie.
; R4 W5 a) e; |" q# Q, s& h8 p. L 论据:I know three people who like the movie. ; |, x. C/ R& |8 a: b5 K# A
推理依据:Three eaxmples are enough.
4 I0 C+ b: f) D( a# `# O 五、列举特征式论证法 ! x k- l& U! O, K% }! F
指出某事物发生或者生存的征候或者迹象。例如:
# X8 m. s" p8 ?: D; ^- W0 { 论点:The child has chickenpox. + U& ?1 @; s+ r5 G9 ~3 a
论据:The child has red spots. - e" y& t4 M1 o7 A# r! t& Z
推理依据:These spots are signs of chickenpox. |