Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies… 6 T4 N+ \* a: d) s- H/ ^) [6 r
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Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results…
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5 `$ O9 X6 h% C& K& U8 L: w) Z In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study…
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9 e/ [1 m0 D) L9 s X. { 文章首句指出:“罗杰·罗森布拉特(R R)的著作《黑人小说》(B F),试图运用文学的而不是社会政治的标准来研究其题材,结果成功地改变了以前大多数研究所采用的方法。”由此可见作者对RR持正评价。首句是一个结论,有结论就有解释,那么本文的结构属于结论——解释型。" ] [6 `! W* i# \# _4 R- i0 {
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第四段首句指出:“《黑人小说》对某些美学问题确实未作回答。”注意这句话中的does表示让步,因为作者在文章首句的结论中已经对RR持正评价,所以不可能将他全部否定。有让步就有转折,注意后文的转折。第二句开始解释RR的缺点:“罗森布拉特的主题分析体现出相当大的客观性;他甚至还直言不讳地声称,自己无意对各种作品的优劣做出评判——然而,他的这种不情愿似乎显得不合时宜,尤其是因为假如他果真作出一番评判努力的话,就会带来某些饶有兴趣的结果……”2 j0 b+ t( I8 H- q9 V0 U: [
/ M1 h, J6 U4 ~" O) }+ l6 g 针对上一段开始部分的让步(指出RR的小缺点),这一段开始转折——回到对RR的正评价上来:虽然存在这样的疏漏,但罗森布拉特在其探讨中确已涉及的内容足以成为一种精僻敏锐而又颇具价值的研究……
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- m! {% a$ ~9 x+ {# h 阅读中还有一种“让步逻辑”:文章中刚开始提到一个理论或现象时就使用“无疑”( no doubt, undoubtedly, without doubt)的说法,也常常是一种让步语气,后面会跟上一个转折词,引出相反的评价。
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! j& l' v( b' z3 r0 k7 A The success of fluoride in combating dental decay is well established and, without a doubt, socially beneficial. However, fluoride's toxic properties have been known for a century. In humans excessive intake ( for adults, over 4 milligrams per day) over many years can lead to skeletal fluorosis, a well-defined skeletal disorder, and in some plant species, fluoride is more toxic than ozone, sulfur dioxide, or pesticides。9 G- g8 ~0 F! h6 e# |
+ x3 ^0 H! c% V" u5 x 文章开始说“氟在抗牙腐蚀方面的功效是众所周知的,并且毫无疑问(without a doubt)是有其社会益处的”,由without a doubt可知这是让步,所以后面马上作出转折,提到它的毒性,“但是,氟的毒性为人们所知已有一个世纪之久了”,这才是文章的重点。
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由此可见,GRE考试方法指导有让步就有转折。那么如何应对阅读中的这种“让步逻辑”呢?首先要注意:在“让步——转折”结构中,转折之后是重点,应该多加关注,而让步部分是铺垫,可以速读。# c& e0 M, j5 ]
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综上所述,GRE考试不过是单词与逻辑的游戏而已。如上所示,谁理解了游戏规则并遵循这些规则备考,谁就将获得理想的分数。 |