网络课堂总结(七)

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Passage 7 现象解释型新老观点对比型（历史题材）文章不难题重要 史实Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D.， the Byzantine Empire staged上演 an almost unparalleled无与伦比 economic and cultural revival， a recovery（同位语） that is all the more striking because it followed先有萧条后有复兴 a long period of severe internal decline. 还没有复兴的内部萧条时期（如果没时间可以先不看）By the early eighth century*4B， the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory*4 it had possessed in the year 600*4B， and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians， who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the empire altogether. 萧条的三个方面The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished， and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. 开始讲复兴By the early eleventh century， however， the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions， its new frontiers were secure， and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered， the treasury was full， and art and scholarship had advanced.粗略解释现象To consider the Byzantine military， cultural， and economic三个方面 advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon*2C is reasonable.（判断句） 原因一After all（弱原因）， these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. 举例（与结论紧密相连的例子可以不看，篇幅在5行之内的例子可以不看）Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. 原因二：考察三方面的顺序可能有帮助Moreover（大列举的非第一点）， an examination of the apparent sequential connections*5B among military， economic， and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.
详细解释三个方面的顺序——老观点：军事，经济，文化The common*5B（-）（其实也可以当作新老观点对比型） explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory， Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore（同样意思，废话）， Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances， which in turn led to cultural revival.
3 M- b; q8 g& H! K详细解释——新观点：文化，经济，军事No doubt（让步的前半句）this hypothetical pattern did apply（小+） at times during the course of the recovery. Yet（让步的后半句） it is not clear（大-） that military advances invariably came first， economic advances second， and intellectual advances third. 下面的部分要注意年份In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor*3D. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival， however， can be placed between 810 and 830*6D. Finally， the Byzantine revival of learning*6D appears to have begun even earlier*6D. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and， by the last decade of the eighth century， a cultural revival was in full bloom ， a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453（关系很小的年份，可以暂时不看）. Thus（总结，主题句） the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed*1E in Byzantium. In fact（废话）， the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.
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4 j5 b+ z1 X6 [0 I1. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?主题题（内容性——主题句同义变换，本题；没有主题句用三出现原则；保持态度一致）
' I% o6 Y0 ~* |: ~9 u* |& \- _The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.
4 D( A8 u% f) m( iThe economic， cultural， and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revivals in Augustan Rome and fifth century Athens.
8 b, W6 f% ^6 v& I7 f' _+ ^0 ZAfter 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and， later， cultural expansion that lasted until 1453.
: |. S! U' {: o! c7 c) i1 ?% BThe eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplicable phenomenon， and its economic and military precursors have yet to be discovered.（E）
0 y. A7 c, w* tThe revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival， the reverse*1E of the commonly accepted order of progress.
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( i' {$ P; m- L* H+ q  }8 V2. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is which of the following?主题题（第二段的写法）
To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine revival
4 p  d5 M  N9 z0 uTo show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens are examples of cultural， economic， and military expansion against which all subsequent cases must be measured
" l; x7 |% P" D: K0 R  T! }To suggest that cultural， economic， and military advances have tended to be closely interrelated in different societies*2C粗略的解释：想成一个问题的三个侧面
To argue that， while the revivals of Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar， they are unrelated to other historical examples（C）
8 q- ^$ e9 e& _, }( E  G! zTo indicate that， wherever possible， historians should seek to make comparisons with the earliest chronological examples of revival