网络课堂总结(十六)

会计考友

Passage 34 结论解释型（日本人在加州） 特别套路 主题句Kazuko Nakane’s history of the early Japanese immigrants to central California’s Pajaro Valley focuses on the development（以下按照发展阶段阅读） of farming communities there from 1890 to 1940.四个阶段的发展 The Issei were brought into the Pajaro Valley to raise sugar beets. Like Issei laborers in American cities， Japanese men in rural areas sought employment via（类似by doing， through，要重视） the “boss” system（第一个阶段）. The system comprised three elements: immigrant wage laborers; Issei boardinghouses where laborers stayed; and labor contractors包工头， who gathered workers for a particular job and then negotiated a contract between workers and employer. This same system was originally utilized by the Chinese laborers who had preceded the Japanese. A related institution was the “labor club，” *2（第二个阶段）which（讲这一阶段的特点） provided job information and negotiated employment contracts and other legal matters， such as the rental of land， for Issei who chose to belong自愿加入 and paid an annual fee*2D to the cooperative for membership.When the local sugar beet industry*5 collapsed in 1902（看到时间，知道肯定是接着往下讲后面的阶段）， the Issei began to lease land*7 from the valley’s strawberry farmers. The Japanese provided the labor and the crop was divided between laborers and landowners. The Issei thus moved quickly from wage-labor employment to sharecropping agreements*7C（第三个阶段）. A limited amount of economic progress was made as some Issei were able to rent or buy farmland directly， while others joined together*4 to form farming corporations*4B（第四个阶段）. As the Issei began to operate farms， they began to marry and start families， forming an established Japanese American community*5A. Unfortunately（古怪的语言）， the Issei’s efforts to attain agricultural independence were hampered by government restrictions， such as the Alien Land Law of 1913*3. But（转折） immigrants could circumvent规避，绕开 such exclusionary排他性的 laws by leasing or purchasing land in their American-born children’s*3D names.
2 C$ X- R  E+ t# j) _+ R/ G* d1 X总结和评论Nakane’s case study of one rural Japanese American community provides valuable（小+） information about the lives and experiences of the Issei. It is， however（极端转折）， too particularistic（大-）特定化 .下面讲负评价的原因 This limitation derives from Nakane’s methodology—that of oral history—which cannot substitute for a broader theoretical or comparative perspective. （后面讲将来的改善，可能会出改善题）Future research might well consider two issues raised by her study: were the Issei of the Pajaro Valley similar to or different from Issei in urban settings， and what variations existed between rural Japanese American communities?
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9 S& C+ N& i" Z6 y1. The primary purpose of the passage is to主题题（写法性）
defend a controversial hypothesis presented in a history of early Japanese immigrants to California
dismiss a history of an early Japanese settlement in California as narrow and ill constructed
; E* @+ U1 b5 h" j7 P8 Psummarize and critique中性的评价 a history of an early Japanese settlement in California评述某人理论
compare a history of one Japanese American community with studies of Japanese settlements throughout California（C）
examine the differences between Japanese and Chinese immigrants to central California in the 1890’s
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2 ~% U: `/ O: b+ f5 f2. Which of the following best describes a “labor club，”*2 as defined in the passage?
An organization to which Issei were compelled to belong if they sought employment in the Pajaro Valley
An association whose members included labor contractors and landowning “bosses”
A type of farming corporation set up by Issei who had resided in the Pajaro Valley for some time
) f7 C  i) c/ G9 Q) Y8 V1 ?1 sA cooperative association whose members were dues-paying*2D Japanese laborers（D）
A social organization to which Japanese laborers and their families belonged